Nursing Elites

1. What property of a substance measures the amount of matter per unit volume?

• A. Mass
• B. Weight
• C. Density
• D. Volume

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Density is the property of a substance that measures the amount of matter per unit volume. It is calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its volume. Mass refers to the amount of matter in an object, weight is the force of gravity acting on an object, and volume is the amount of space an object occupies. Therefore, in this context, density is the correct answer as it specifically relates to the concentration of matter within a given volume.

2. What do isotopes of the same element have in common?

• A. Identical number of protons and neutrons.
• B. Identical chemical properties.
• C. Identical number of electrons.
• D. Identical mass number.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons, which defines the element, but different numbers of neutrons. This difference in neutron count results in isotopes of the same element having different mass numbers. Chemical properties are determined by the arrangement of electrons in an atom, so isotopes of the same element may exhibit slightly different chemical behaviors due to different neutron numbers. The number of electrons can vary in isotopes, affecting their charge. However, the mass number, which is the sum of protons and neutrons, is the same for isotopes of the same element. Therefore, the correct answer is that isotopes of the same element share an identical mass number.

3. What structures provide comprehensive protection for the brain?

• A. Skull
• B. Meninges (Membranes)
• C. Cerebrospinal fluid
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The brain is a vital organ that requires robust protection, which is provided by a combination of structures. The skull acts as a hard, protective covering for the brain, shielding it from external trauma and injury. The meninges encompass three layers of membranes (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) that envelop the brain and spinal cord, offering additional protection and cushioning. Cerebrospinal fluid, a clear, colorless fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, acts as a shock absorber and provides nutrients to the central nervous system. The combined function of the skull, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid ensures comprehensive protection for the brain, making option D, 'All of the above,' the correct answer. Choices A, B, and C are not individually sufficient to provide comprehensive protection, but together, they form a multi-layered defense system for the brain.

4. During vigorous exercise, why does the respiratory rate increase?

• A. Meet the increased demand for oxygen in working muscles
• B. Eliminate excess carbon dioxide more slowly
• C. Conserve energy for physical activity
• D. Decrease the amount of oxygen delivered to the body

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During vigorous exercise, the muscles require more oxygen to produce energy for physical activity. The increased respiratory rate helps to deliver more oxygen to the working muscles to meet this demand. This process is essential for sustaining physical activity and preventing fatigue. Choice A is the correct answer as it accurately describes the purpose of the increased respiratory rate during vigorous exercise. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Choice B, 'Eliminate excess carbon dioxide more slowly,' is inaccurate as the primary reason for the increased respiratory rate during exercise is to meet the increased demand for oxygen, not to eliminate carbon dioxide. Choice C, 'Conserve energy for physical activity,' is incorrect because increasing the respiratory rate actually expends energy to meet the oxygen demand of the working muscles. Choice D, 'Decrease the amount of oxygen delivered to the body,' is incorrect as the increased respiratory rate is specifically to deliver more oxygen to the body during exercise.

5. Which of the following is a dense, interconnected mass of nerve cells located outside the central nervous system?

• A. ganglion
• B. dendrite
• C. cranial nerve
• D. pons

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A ganglion is a dense, interconnected mass of nerve cells located outside the central nervous system. Ganglia serve as relay points where nerve cells communicate and integrate signals. They are found along peripheral nerves, processing sensory information and coordinating motor responses. Choice B, dendrite, refers to a part of a neuron that receives signals, not a mass of nerve cells. Choice C, cranial nerve, is a bundle of nerves that emerge from the brain, not a mass of nerve cells. Choice D, pons, is a part of the brainstem, which is within the central nervous system, not located outside of it.

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