Nursing Elites

1. What is the ultimate end product of glucose breakdown in glycolysis?

• A. ATP
• B. NADPH
• C. Pyruvic acid
• D. Oxygen

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The ultimate end product of glucose breakdown in glycolysis is pyruvic acid. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid through a series of enzymatic reactions. ATP is produced as an energy carrier during glycolysis, but it is not the final end product. NADPH is not a direct product of glycolysis; it is mainly produced in the pentose phosphate pathway. Oxygen is not a product of glycolysis but is used as an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration.

2. At what stage is urine formed in the kidney?

• A. After fluid reaches the bladder.
• B. When fluid fills the collecting duct.
• C. Before blood enters the glomerulus.
• D. During fluid transport to the urethra.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Urine is formed when fluid fills the collecting duct in the kidney. The collecting duct is where the final concentration of urine occurs after the filtration process in the nephron. Choice A is incorrect because urine formation happens before fluid reaches the bladder. Choice C is incorrect because urine formation occurs after blood has been filtered in the glomerulus. Choice D is incorrect because urine formation happens before fluid is transported to the urethra for elimination.

3. How is work defined in terms of force and displacement?

• A. Work is the product of force and displacement in any direction
• B. Work is done only when the displacement is vertical
• C. Work is done only when the force and displacement are perpendicular
• D. Work is the product of force and displacement in the direction of the force

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Work is defined as the product of the force applied on an object and the displacement of the object in the direction of the force. This means that work is only done when the force and displacement are in the same direction. If the force and displacement are not in the same direction, only the component of the force in the direction of the displacement contributes to the work done. Therefore, choice D correctly defines work in terms of force and displacement. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because work is specifically calculated based on the force and displacement in the direction of the force, not in any direction, only when the displacement is vertical, or when the force and displacement are perpendicular.

4. What is the term for the reaction between an acid and a base to produce water and a salt?

• A. Combustion
• B. Neutralization
• C. Oxidation
• D. Decomposition

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Neutralization is the correct term for the reaction between an acid and a base to produce water and a salt. During neutralization, the hydrogen ions from the acid react with the hydroxide ions from the base to form water, and the remaining ions combine to form a salt. Combustion involves a reaction with oxygen, oxidation is the loss of electrons, and decomposition is the breakdown of a compound into simpler substances. These processes do not accurately describe the reaction between an acid and a base to produce water and a salt.

5. When magnesium metal reacts with hydrochloric acid, hydrogen gas is produced. What evidence suggests a chemical reaction is occurring?

• A. A change in color
• B. The formation of a gas
• C. Dissolving in a liquid
• D. No change in temperature

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The formation of a gas is evidence of a chemical reaction occurring. In this case, when magnesium metal reacts with hydrochloric acid, hydrogen gas is produced, indicating a chemical change is taking place. The production of gas is a clear indication of a chemical reaction, as new substances are being formed. A change in color might suggest a physical change, dissolving in a liquid could be a physical or chemical change depending on the context, and no change in temperature does not necessarily indicate a chemical reaction, as some reactions are endothermic or release small amounts of heat that may not be easily noticeable.

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