Nursing Elites

1. Which hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, helps regulate the body's response to stress, including increasing blood pressure and suppressing the immune system?

• A. Aldosterone
• B. Epinephrine
• C. Cortisol
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Cortisol is the correct answer. It is the hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate the body's response to stress. Cortisol plays a crucial role in increasing blood pressure and suppressing the immune system during stressful situations. Aldosterone, another hormone from the adrenal glands, primarily regulates salt and water balance in the body, not the stress response. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress, but its effects are more immediate and short-lived compared to cortisol. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, regulates blood sugar levels and is not directly involved in the body's response to stress.

2. Which statement is true regarding the process of digestion?

• A. Digestion of starch begins in the mouth.
• B. Amylase is produced by the stomach to help break down food in the upper intestine.
• C. The di- and tri-saccharides produced in early digestion are absorbed through the intestinal wall.
• D. Proteases are responsible for breaking down starches.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The statement 'Digestion of starch begins in the mouth' is correct. Salivary amylase, an enzyme produced in the salivary glands, initiates the breakdown of starch into simpler sugars like maltose in the mouth before further digestion in the stomach. This initial breakdown of starch is crucial in the digestion of carbohydrates, marking the beginning of the digestive process. Choice B is incorrect because amylase is produced in the salivary glands, not the stomach. Choice C is incorrect because di- and tri-saccharides are further broken down into monosaccharides before absorption. Choice D is incorrect because proteases are enzymes that break down proteins, not starches.

3. What is the general formula for an alkyl halide?

• A. CₙH₂ₙ
• B. CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
• C. CₙH₂ₙ₊₁X
• D. CₙH₂ₙO

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is option C, 'CₙH₂ₙ₊₁X.' This is the general formula for an alkyl halide, where X represents a halogen atom (such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine), and the hydrocarbon chain is represented by CₙH₂ₙ₊₁. Option A, 'CₙH₂ₙ,' is incorrect because it does not account for the presence of a halogen atom. Option B, 'CₙH₂ₙ₊₂,' is incorrect as it represents an alkene, not an alkyl halide. Option D, 'CₙH₂ₙO,' is also incorrect as it suggests the presence of oxygen, which is not characteristic of alkyl halides.

4. What is the valve that prevents blood from flowing back from the left ventricle into the left atrium?

• A. Tricuspid valve
• B. Mitral valve
• C. Aortic valve
• D. Pulmonic valve

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Mitral valve. The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. Its function is to prevent the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction. Choice A, the Tricuspid valve, is incorrect as it is located between the right atrium and right ventricle. Choice C, the Aortic valve, and Choice D, the Pulmonic valve, are also incorrect as they are involved in the circulation of blood leaving the heart rather than preventing backflow within the atria and ventricles.

5. What is the fundamental unit of the nervous system?

• A. Neuron
• B. Nerve
• C. Ganglion
• D. Neuroglia

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Neuron. Neurons are the fundamental building blocks of the nervous system. These specialized cells play a crucial role in transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals. While nerves are comprised of bundles of neurons and ganglia consist of clusters of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system, neuroglia serve as support cells for neurons. Neurons are specifically responsible for processing and transmitting information within the nervous system, making them the essential unit of this complex system. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as nerves are bundles of neurons, ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system, and neuroglia are support cells for neurons, not the fundamental units responsible for information processing and transmission.

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