Nursing Elites

1. What is the term for the particles moving within a substance?

• A. Ions
• B. Atoms
• C. Molecules
• D. Kinetic energy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The term for the particles moving within a substance is typically 'molecules' or 'atoms,' depending on the state of matter. In this context, 'molecules' represent the particles moving around within a substance, especially in the liquid and gas states, while 'atoms' are the fundamental building blocks of matter. 'Ions' are charged particles that can be present in a substance but are not necessarily the primary particles in motion. 'Kinetic energy' is not a term used to describe the particles themselves but rather the energy associated with their motion.

2. Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?

• A. Carbon Dioxide
• B. Methane
• C. Oxygen
• D. Water Vapor

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Carbon Dioxide: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas released into the atmosphere through various human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. It contributes to global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere. B) Methane: Methane is another greenhouse gas released from sources like livestock, landfills, and natural gas production. It is more potent than carbon dioxide in trapping heat. C) Oxygen: Oxygen is not considered a greenhouse gas. It is a vital component of the Earth's atmosphere necessary for respiration and combustion, but it does not trap heat like greenhouse gases do. D) Water Vapor: Water vapor is a significant greenhouse gas that plays a crucial role in the Earth's climate system by trapping heat in the atmosphere. It is the most abundant greenhouse gas. Therefore, the correct answer is C) Oxygen, as it is not a greenhouse gas.

3. Which of the following describes the path through which air moves during inhalation?

• A. mouth/nose > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli
• B. bronchioles > alveoli > bronchi > larynx > pharynx > lungs
• C. mouth/nose > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli > lungs > trachea
• D. alveoli > bronchioles > lungs > bronchi > trachea > larynx > pharynx > mouth/nose

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct path through which air moves during inhalation is from the mouth/nose > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli. This sequence accurately represents the typical route air takes as it travels from the external environment into the lungs to facilitate gas exchange in the alveoli. Choice B is incorrect as it reverses the order of bronchioles and alveoli. Choice C is incorrect as it starts with mouth/nose but then incorrectly lists lungs before trachea. Choice D is incorrect as it reverses the entire sequence of the respiratory pathway, starting with alveoli instead of mouth/nose.

4. What is the approximate composition of blood?

• A. 45% plasma, 55% formed elements
• B. 55% plasma, 45% formed elements
• C. 55% water, 45% blood cells
• D. 45% water, 55% plasma

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Blood is composed of approximately 55% plasma (mostly water with proteins, electrolytes, and nutrients) and 45% formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). Choice B is the correct answer. Choice A is incorrect as it reverses the percentages. Choice C is incorrect because it incorrectly states that blood cells make up 45% of blood, while they are part of the formed elements along with platelets. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that water makes up 45% of blood, which is not accurate.

5. What is the name for the flexible connection between bones at the wrist or ankle?

• A. Ligament
• B. Tendon
• C. Fascia
• D. Synovial joint

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ligament. Ligaments are tough bands of tissue that connect bones to other bones at joints, providing stability and support. In the case of the wrist or ankle, ligaments play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and allowing for proper movement of these joints. Tendons (option B) connect muscles to bones, not bones to bones. Fascia (option C) is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles and other structures, not connecting bones at joints. A synovial joint (option D) is a type of joint that allows for movement between bones, but it is not the flexible connection between bones at the wrist or ankle.

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