Nursing Elites

1. What is the significance of the nuclear envelope breaking down during mitosis?

• A. It allows the chromosomes to condense and become visible.
• B. It allows the spindle apparatus to form and attach to the chromosomes.
• C. It allows the sister chromatids to separate.
• D. It allows the nuclear material to be evenly distributed to the daughter cells.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) The breakdown of the nuclear envelope does not directly cause the chromosomes to condense and become visible. Chromosome condensation is a separate process that occurs before mitosis begins. B) The breakdown of the nuclear envelope is crucial for the formation of the spindle apparatus, a structure made of microtubules that helps separate the chromosomes during cell division. The spindle apparatus attaches to the chromosomes and helps move them to opposite poles of the cell. C) The separation of sister chromatids occurs during anaphase, which is facilitated by the spindle apparatus. The breakdown of the nuclear envelope is not directly involved in this process. D) The even distribution of nuclear material to daughter cells is achieved through the movement of chromosomes by the spindle apparatus, which is made possible by the breakdown of the nuclear envelope.

2. Which blood type is considered a universal donor?

• A. A
• B. B
• C. AB
• D. O

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Blood type O is considered the universal donor because individuals with type O blood can donate red blood cells to individuals with any ABO blood type (A, B, AB, or O) without causing an adverse reaction. Type O blood lacks A or B antigens on the surface of red blood cells, minimizing the risk of an immune response when transfused into individuals with different blood types. Therefore, type O blood is in high demand for blood transfusions in emergency situations when the recipient's blood type is unknown or when there is a shortage of specific blood types. Choices A, B, and AB are not considered universal donors. Individuals with blood types A, B, or AB can only donate to individuals with compatible blood types to avoid adverse reactions since they have A and/or B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells, making them incompatible with all blood types.

3. What function do hydrophobic proteins often provide in the body?

• A. Digestive enzymes
• B. Provide structure
• C. Carry oxygen molecules
• D. Store energy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Hydrophobic proteins are known for their ability to repel water and are often involved in providing structural support in cells and tissues. They help maintain the structural integrity and shape of cell membranes, organelles, and other cellular components. Choice A, digestive enzymes, typically consist of hydrophilic proteins that interact with water and substrates to facilitate digestion. Choice C, carrying oxygen molecules, is a function commonly associated with specific proteins like hemoglobin. Choice D, storing energy, is usually performed by proteins like enzymes involved in energy storage and release, such as glycogen phosphorylase.

4. Where does sperm maturation take place in the male reproductive system?

• A. Seminal vesicles
• B. Prostate gland
• C. Epididymis
• D. Vas Deferens

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Sperm maturation occurs in the epididymis, a coiled tube located on the back of each testicle. In the epididymis, sperm gain motility and the ability to fertilize an egg. It serves as a storage site for mature sperm until ejaculation. The seminal vesicles and the prostate gland contribute fluids to semen, enhancing sperm viability and motility. The vas deferens is responsible for transporting mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation, but it is not where sperm maturation takes place. Therefore, the correct answer is the epididymis.

5. What type of chemical bond connects the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water?

• A. Static bond
• B. Aquatic bond
• C. Ionic bond
• D. Covalent bond

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Covalent bond. Covalent bonds are formed between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule. In a water molecule, each hydrogen atom forms a covalent bond with the oxygen atom, sharing electrons to achieve a stable configuration. Static bond (choice A) and Aquatic bond (choice B) are not valid types of chemical bonds. Ionic bond (choice C) involves the transfer of electrons between atoms of different electronegativities, which is not the case between oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule.

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