Nursing Elites

1. What is the relationship between genetic drift and the founder effect?

• A. Founder effect is a cause of genetic drift within a small population
• B. Genetic drift is a cause of the founder effect in new populations
• C. They are the same phenomenon with different names
• D. They are unrelated concepts.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: - The founder effect is a specific type of genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population, leading to a loss of genetic variation. - Genetic drift, on the other hand, is a broader concept that refers to random changes in allele frequencies in a population over time due to chance events. - Therefore, the founder effect is a specific scenario within the broader concept of genetic drift, where the establishment of a new population by a small number of individuals leads to genetic changes in the population.

2. Which of the following touch receptors respond to light touch and slower vibrations?

• A. Merkel's discs
• B. Pacinian corpuscles
• C. Meissner's corpuscles
• D. Ruffini endings

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Merkel's discs. Merkel's discs are touch receptors that respond to light touch and slower vibrations, making them ideal for detecting subtle tactile stimuli. Pacinian corpuscles are specialized in detecting deep pressure and high-frequency vibrations, not light touch or slower vibrations. Meissner's corpuscles, on the other hand, are sensitive to light touch and low-frequency vibrations, but they do not specifically respond to slower vibrations. Ruffini endings are responsible for detecting skin stretch and continuous touch pressure, differentiating them from Merkel's discs, which are specifically attuned to light touch and slower vibrations.

3. What is the relationship between mass and weight on Earth's surface?

• A. Mass and weight are equal
• B. Mass is greater than weight
• C. Weight is greater than mass
• D. Mass and weight are not related

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Weight is greater than mass. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object, while weight is the force of gravity acting on that object. On Earth's surface, weight is greater than mass because gravity pulls objects towards the center of the Earth, resulting in a force that we perceive as weight. Choice A is incorrect because mass and weight are not equal; weight is a force, while mass is a measure of the amount of matter. Choice B is incorrect because mass is not greater than weight; weight is the force exerted due to gravity. Choice D is incorrect as mass and weight are related; weight is dependent on mass and the gravitational force acting on the object.

4. What determines the magnitude of the frictional force acting on a book sliding across a table?

• A. Only the mass of the book
• B. Only the normal force from the table
• C. Both the mass of the book and the normal force from the table
• D. Neither the mass of the book nor the normal force from the table

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The magnitude of the frictional force acting on the book sliding across a table is determined by both the mass of the book and the normal force from the table. Frictional force is proportional to the normal force (which is influenced by the weight of the book, i.e., its mass) and is affected by the surfaces in contact and other friction-related factors. Therefore, both the mass of the book and the normal force from the table are essential in determining the frictional force experienced by the book during its sliding motion. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because friction is a result of the interaction between the surfaces and is influenced by both the mass of the object and the normal force acting on it.

5. A car skids on a wet road. What is the main force preventing the car from stopping?

• A. Friction
• B. Gravitational force
• C. Normal force from the road
• D. Air resistance

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Friction. Friction is the force that opposes the motion of the car on the wet road surface, making it harder for the car to stop. When the car skids, the friction between the tires and the wet road surface is reduced, leading to a loss of traction and making it challenging for the car to come to a halt. Gravitational force (choice B) is the force that pulls objects toward each other due to gravity and does not directly impact the car's ability to stop on a wet road. The normal force from the road (choice C) is the force exerted by the road surface perpendicular to the car's tires and does not play a significant role in stopping the car. Air resistance (choice D) is the force that opposes the motion of an object through the air, but it is not the main force preventing the car from stopping on a wet road.

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