Nursing Elites

1. What is the process of cell division in somatic (most body) cells called?

• A. Mitosis
• B. Meiosis
• C. Respiration
• D. Cytogenesis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mitosis is the correct answer. It is the process of cell division in somatic cells, leading to the formation of two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis, on the other hand, is the type of cell division that occurs in sex cells, leading to the formation of gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Respiration is a completely different biological process related to energy production, and cytogenesis is not a recognized term for cell division.

2. Where does the digestion of food start?

• A. Esophagus
• B. Stomach
• C. Small intestine
• D. Mouth

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the mouth. Digestion begins in the mouth where mechanical breakdown occurs through chewing, and chemical breakdown begins with saliva. Enzymes in saliva start breaking down carbohydrates, initiating the digestion process. The esophagus is responsible for transporting food from the mouth to the stomach and does not play a role in the digestion process. The stomach continues the digestion process after the food leaves the mouth. The small intestine is primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients from the digested food, rather than being the initial site of digestion.

3. What is the function of white blood cells?

• A. To transport oxygen
• B. To fight infection
• C. To carry oxygen
• D. To produce antibodies

Correct answer: B

Rationale: White blood cells play a crucial role in the immune system by fighting infection and protecting the body from foreign invaders. Choice A, 'To transport oxygen,' is incorrect because red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen. Choice C, 'To carry oxygen,' is also inaccurate for the same reason. Choice D, 'To produce antibodies,' while related to the immune system, is not the primary function of white blood cells, as their main role is to directly combat infections.

4. In experimental design, which variable is measured as a possible effect and is plotted on the y-axis?

• A. Independent, x
• B. Independent, y
• C. Dependent, x
• D. Dependent, y

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'Dependent, y.' In experimental design, the dependent variable is the outcome that is being measured or observed as a result of changes in the independent variable. It is typically plotted on the y-axis of a graph to represent the effect or response to the changes in the independent variable. Choice A 'Independent, x' is incorrect because the independent variable is the variable manipulated by the experimenter and is usually plotted on the x-axis. Choice B 'Independent, y' is incorrect as the independent variable is not plotted on the y-axis. Choice C 'Dependent, x' is incorrect because the dependent variable is not typically plotted on the x-axis in experimental design.

5. What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

• A. Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells do not
• B. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
• C. Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells do not.
• D. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: - Prokaryotic cells are simpler and do not have a true nucleus. Their genetic material is located in the nucleoid region, which is not enclosed by a membrane. - Eukaryotic cells are more complex and have a true nucleus that houses the genetic material, enclosed within a nuclear membrane. - Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have organelles, but eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, while prokaryotic cells lack these membrane-bound organelles.

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