Nursing Elites

1. What is the primary function of the heart?

• A. To filter blood
• B. To transport oxygen and nutrients
• C. To remove waste
• D. To regulate temperature

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The primary function of the heart is to pump oxygenated blood and nutrients throughout the body, supplying cells with vital substances. Choice A is incorrect as the kidneys are responsible for filtering blood. Choice C is incorrect as waste removal is primarily handled by organs like the kidneys and liver. Choice D is incorrect as regulating body temperature is mainly controlled by mechanisms such as sweating and shivering, not the heart.

2. Which of the following structures has the lowest blood pressure?

• A. arteries
• B. arterioles
• C. venules
• D. veins

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Veins have the lowest blood pressure among the listed structures. This is because veins carry blood back to the heart at a slower rate compared to arteries, arterioles, and venules. The lower blood pressure in veins allows for the efficient return of blood to the heart despite the decreased pressure. Arteries have high blood pressure as they transport blood away from the heart at a rapid rate. Arterioles are smaller branches of arteries and contribute to resistance in the circulatory system, leading to a pressure drop. Venules are small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and gradually converge into veins, having slightly higher pressure than veins.

3. How does the lymphatic system work with the circulatory system?

• A. The circulatory system produces red blood cells for the lymphatic system.
• B. Lymph draws excess fluid from the cells and deposits it into the blood vessels.
• C. The heart regulates the production of lymph in the lymph glands.
• D. White cells from the lymphatic system eliminate excess red blood cells.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The lymphatic system works with the circulatory system by draining excess fluid and waste products from the spaces between cells, known as interstitial fluid. This excess fluid, now called lymph, is then transported back into the blood circulation through lymphatic vessels. This process helps maintain fluid balance in the body and supports the circulatory system in regulating blood volume and pressure. Choice A is incorrect because the circulatory system does not produce red blood cells for the lymphatic system. Choice C is incorrect as the heart does not regulate lymph production in lymph glands. Choice D is incorrect as white cells from the lymphatic system do not eliminate excess red blood cells. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as lymph draws excess fluid from the cells and deposits it into the blood vessels, aiding in maintaining proper fluid balance and supporting the circulatory system.

4. Which vitamin is important for the absorption of iron?

• A. Vitamin C
• B. Vitamin D
• C. Vitamin K
• D. Vitamin B12

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is Vitamin C. Vitamin C is essential for the absorption of iron, especially from plant-based sources. It aids in converting non-heme iron (found in plants) into a form that is easier for the body to absorb. This is crucial in preventing iron-deficiency anemia, making Vitamin C a key nutrient for overall health. Vitamin D (choice B) is important for calcium absorption and bone health, not iron absorption. Vitamin K (choice C) plays a role in blood clotting and bone metabolism, not iron absorption. Vitamin B12 (choice D) is important for red blood cell formation and neurological function but is not directly involved in iron absorption.

5. Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating breathing and heart rate?

• A. Cerebrum
• B. Medulla oblongata
• C. Cerebellum
• D. Hypothalamus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Medulla oblongata. This structure, located in the brainstem, plays a crucial role in regulating essential functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It serves as a control center for autonomic functions necessary for maintaining life. The Cerebrum (Choice A) is mainly responsible for higher brain functions such as thinking and voluntary movements, not for regulating basic physiological processes like breathing and heart rate. The Cerebellum (Choice C) is involved in coordination, balance, and muscle control, but not in regulating breathing and heart rate. The Hypothalamus (Choice D) plays a role in regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst, but it is not primarily responsible for controlling breathing and heart rate.

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