Nursing Elites

1. Which type of nutrient does not provide the body with energy?

• A. Vitamin
• B. Carbohydrate
• C. Fat
• D. Protein

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Vitamins are essential nutrients that the body needs in small amounts but do not provide energy like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins do. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are macronutrients that supply energy to the body when broken down during metabolism. Vitamins, on the other hand, play crucial roles in various bodily functions but are not a source of energy. They are essential for supporting growth, immune function, and overall health, but do not contribute directly to energy production. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are macronutrients that provide energy to the body when metabolized.

2. Which structure of the respiratory system is involved in gas exchange?

• A. Trachea
• B. Bronchioles
• C. Alveoli
• D. Larynx

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The alveoli are the primary site for gas exchange in the respiratory system. These tiny air sacs in the lungs are where oxygen is taken up into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released from the bloodstream into the lungs to be exhaled. The trachea (Choice A) is the windpipe that carries air to and from the lungs but is not directly involved in gas exchange. Bronchioles (Choice B) are smaller airway branches that lead to the alveoli but do not participate in gas exchange themselves. The larynx (Choice D) plays a role in producing sound and protecting the airway but is not primarily responsible for gas exchange.

3. What is the main function of the endocrine system?

• A. To fight infections
• B. To regulate body functions through hormones
• C. To produce red blood cells
• D. To transport oxygen

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The main function of the endocrine system is to regulate various body functions by releasing hormones, which act as chemical messengers. These hormones help maintain homeostasis, regulate metabolism, growth, development, and other essential functions in the body. Option A is incorrect as fighting infections is primarily the role of the immune system, not the endocrine system. Option C is incorrect as the production of red blood cells mainly occurs in the bone marrow. Option D is incorrect as the transportation of oxygen is primarily carried out by the respiratory and circulatory systems. Therefore, option B is the correct answer as it accurately describes the primary role of the endocrine system.

4. Which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose levels?

• A. Insulin
• B. Glucagon
• C. Cortisol
• D. Adrenaline

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Glucagon is the hormone released in response to low blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas secretes glucagon to stimulate the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, increasing blood sugar levels. This helps to restore the body's glucose balance. Insulin, on the other hand, is released in response to high blood glucose levels to lower blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake by cells. Cortisol is a stress hormone, and adrenaline is released in response to stress or danger, not specifically to regulate blood glucose levels.

5. Where is a gallstone most likely to cause pain?

• A. In the upper right quadrant of the abdomen
• B. In the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
• C. In the umbilical region
• D. Along the pelvic girdle

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A gallstone is most likely to cause pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen. This specific area corresponds to the location of the gallbladder. When a gallstone blocks the flow of bile from the gallbladder, it can lead to inflammation and pain in this region. The pain may also radiate to the back or right shoulder blade due to referred pain patterns associated with gallbladder issues. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because gallstone pain is typically felt in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, not the lower right quadrant, umbilical region, or along the pelvic girdle.

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