Nursing Elites

1. What is the tough, fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone?

• A. Fascia
• B. Perimysium
• C. Tendon
• D. Ligament

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Tendons are the correct answer as they are the tough, fibrous connective tissues that attach muscle to bone. They play a crucial role in transmitting the forces generated by muscle contraction to the bones, facilitating movement. Fascia surrounds muscles and provides support, perimysium is the connective tissue sheath around muscle fibers, and ligaments connect bone to bone, stabilizing joints, which makes them distinct from tendons.

2. Which of the following best describes the function of the pericardium?

• A. Regulating blood flow through valves within the heart.
• B. Acting as a protective sac surrounding the heart.
• C. Generating the electrical impulses for heart contractions.
• D. Transmitting electrical signals between the atria and ventricles.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The pericardium is a double-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart. Its main functions include preventing overfilling of the heart, providing a physical barrier against infection and inflammation, and reducing friction between the heart and surrounding structures. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately describe the function of the pericardium. Option B is the correct answer as it aligns with the protective and supportive role of the pericardium, distinguishing it from the functions attributed to choices A, C, and D.

3. What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?

• A. Transport sperm to the uterus
• B. Produce milk for feeding offspring
• C. Produce eggs (ova)
• D. Regulate urination

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system is to produce eggs (ova). Ovaries are responsible for the production of female gametes. Additionally, they secrete hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which are essential for the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Transporting sperm to the uterus is the function of the fallopian tubes, not the ovaries. Producing milk for feeding offspring is the role of the mammary glands, not the ovaries. Regulating urination is a function associated with the urinary system, not the female reproductive system or the ovaries.

4. What happens to the internal energy of a system when it performs work on its surroundings?

• A. It increases.
• B. It decreases.
• C. It remains the same.
• D. Insufficient information.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When a system performs work on its surroundings, it loses energy in the form of work done. This results in a decrease in the internal energy of the system. Work done by the system is considered as negative work, leading to a decrease in internal energy. Therefore, the correct answer is that the internal energy decreases when a system performs work on its surroundings. Choice A is incorrect as the internal energy decreases, not increases. Choice C is incorrect because the internal energy changes due to the work done. Choice D is incorrect because the information provided is sufficient to determine the change in internal energy.

5. What is the purpose of sodium bicarbonate when released into the lumen of the small intestine?

• A. It works to chemically digest fats in the chyme.
• B. It decreases the pH of the chyme to prevent harm to the intestine.
• C. It works to chemically digest proteins in the chyme.
• D. It increases the pH of the chyme to prevent harm to the intestine.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Sodium bicarbonate, when released into the lumen of the small intestine, functions to increase the pH of the acidic chyme coming from the stomach. This increase in pH helps neutralize the acidity of the chyme, creating a more optimal environment for the digestive enzymes in the small intestine to function properly. Maintaining a slightly basic pH in the small intestine is crucial for overall digestion and absorption of nutrients. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Sodium bicarbonate does not chemically digest fats or proteins in the chyme, and it does not decrease the pH of the chyme as it actually increases the pH to prevent harm to the intestine.

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