Nursing Elites

1. What is the name of the condition characterized by swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid?

• A. Anemia
• B. Edema
• C. Hypertension
• D. Diabetes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Edema is the condition characterized by swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid. It occurs when excess fluid is trapped in the body's tissues. Anemia (A) is a condition characterized by a lack of healthy red blood cells, leading to a reduced ability to carry oxygen in the blood. Hypertension (C) is high blood pressure, a condition where the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. Diabetes (D) is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, either due to insufficient insulin production or the body's resistance to insulin, leading to various complications.

2. What is an alteration in the normal gene sequence called?

• A. DNA mutation
• B. Gene migration
• C. Polygenic inheritance
• D. Incomplete dominance

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A DNA mutation is the correct term used to describe an alteration in the normal gene sequence. It refers to changes in the DNA sequence that can result in different traits or characteristics. Gene migration involves the movement of genes between populations, polygenic inheritance refers to the inheritance of traits controlled by multiple genes, and incomplete dominance is a pattern of inheritance where neither allele is dominant.

3. What type of genetic variation is caused by changes in the DNA sequence?

• A. Epigenetic variation
• B. Phenotypic variation
• C. Genotypic variation
• D. Behavioral variation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Epigenetic variation refers to changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence itself. These changes can be influenced by environmental factors. B) Phenotypic variation refers to differences in observable traits or characteristics of an organism, which can be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. C) Genotypic variation is caused by changes in the DNA sequence, such as mutations or genetic recombination. These changes directly impact the genetic information carried by an organism. D) Behavioral variation refers to differences in behavior among individuals of the same species, which can be influenced by genetic, environmental, and experiential factors.

4. In the 18th century, women were more likely to die in childbirth compared to the 21st century. What is a possible explanation for why women are less likely to die in childbirth in the present age?

• A. Doctors are better equipped to perform cesarean sections.
• B. Doctors have more tools to monitor mothers during childbirth, enabling earlier detection of complications.
• C. Doctors practice good hand hygiene to prevent the transfer of germs and infections.
• D. All of the statements above provide reasonable explanations for the decrease in mortality during childbirth.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: All options are valid explanations for the decrease in maternal mortality during childbirth in modern times. Improved medical knowledge and technology have enabled doctors to perform cesarean sections more effectively, monitor mothers more closely for early detection of complications, and maintain better hygiene practices to reduce the risk of infections. Therefore, all the given statements collectively contribute to the reduction in maternal mortality rates in the 21st century.

5. Which type of bond involves the complete transfer of electrons between atoms?

• A. Covalent bond
• B. Ionic bond
• C. Metallic bond
• D. Hydrogen bond

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Ionic bond. Ionic bond involves the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of cations and anions. This transfer leads to the creation of strong electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonds, on the other hand, involve the sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve stability. Metallic bonds are formed in metals, where a sea of delocalized electrons surrounds positively charged metal ions, contributing to the metal's properties. Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular forces that occur between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen, not involving the complete transfer of electrons.

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