Nursing Elites

1. In experimental design, which variable is measured as a possible effect and is plotted on the y-axis?

• A. Independent, x
• B. Independent, y
• C. Dependent, x
• D. Dependent, y

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'Dependent, y.' In experimental design, the dependent variable is the outcome that is being measured or observed as a result of changes in the independent variable. It is typically plotted on the y-axis of a graph to represent the effect or response to the changes in the independent variable. Choice A 'Independent, x' is incorrect because the independent variable is the variable manipulated by the experimenter and is usually plotted on the x-axis. Choice B 'Independent, y' is incorrect as the independent variable is not plotted on the y-axis. Choice C 'Dependent, x' is incorrect because the dependent variable is not typically plotted on the x-axis in experimental design.

2. Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting signals away from the cell body and toward other neurons or muscles?

• A. Axon
• B. Dendrite
• C. Synapse
• D. Myelin sheath

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The axon is the part of the neuron responsible for transmitting signals away from the cell body and toward other neurons or muscles. It is a long, slender projection covered by the myelin sheath, which speeds up signal transmission. Dendrites, on the other hand, receive signals from other neurons and transmit them toward the cell body. The synapse is the junction between two neurons where communication occurs, but it is not responsible for transmitting signals away from the cell body.

3. Where does the maturation of T-cells and the production of T-cell receptors occur?

• A. Thymus
• B. Spleen
• C. Lymph nodes
• D. Bone marrow

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the Thymus. T-cells mature and develop their receptors in the thymus gland, making it a vital organ for the immune system. The thymus provides the necessary environment for T-cells to differentiate and acquire their specific receptors and functions, which are essential for their role in the adaptive immune response. The spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow are all important components of the immune system, but they do not primarily serve as sites for T-cell maturation and T-cell receptor production.

4. Which hormone, produced by the pancreas, acts in opposition to insulin by increasing blood sugar levels?

• A. Insulin
• B. Glucagon
• C. Cortisol
• D. Thyroxine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Glucagon is the correct answer. Produced by the pancreas, glucagon acts in opposition to insulin by increasing blood sugar levels. Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver, leading to the release of glucose into the bloodstream. Insulin, on the other hand, lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, not the pancreas, and is involved in stress response and metabolism. Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland and is primarily responsible for regulating metabolism.

5. Which structure in the respiratory system is responsible for preventing food and liquids from entering the trachea during swallowing?

• A. Bronchi
• B. Larynx
• C. Alveoli
• D. Pharynx

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The larynx, housing the epiglottis, a flap of tissue, is the structure responsible for preventing food and liquids from entering the trachea during swallowing. It acts as a protective barrier, covering the trachea to ensure that ingested substances are directed to the esophagus. The bronchi are the primary airway passages that branch from the trachea into the lungs. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The pharynx is the passage connecting the mouth and nasal cavity to the esophagus and trachea.

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