Nursing Elites

1. A researcher is studying the response of bacteria to a certain chemical. In three experiments, the bacteria swim towards the chemical, and in one experiment, the bacteria swim away from it. What would be the most appropriate next step for the researcher?

• A. Report only the first three experiments.
• B. Report all the experiments, but refrain from making any conclusions.
• C. Repeat the experiment several more times and apply a statistical analysis to the data.
• D. Repeat the experiment, adding a new chemical to determine its effect on the bacteria.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Repeating the experiment multiple times and applying statistical analysis would help ensure the results are reliable. By doing so, the researcher can validate the observed trends and determine the significance of the bacteria's response to the chemical. This approach would enhance the credibility of the findings and allow for more robust conclusions to be drawn. Reporting only the first three experiments (Choice A) would overlook critical data that could provide a comprehensive understanding of the bacteria's response. Refraining from making any conclusions (Choice B) would not utilize the available data effectively. Adding a new chemical in a repeated experiment (Choice D) would deviate from focusing on analyzing the response to the original chemical, introducing unnecessary variables.

2. How many neutrons and electrons could a negative ion of sulfur have?

• A. 16 neutrons, 16 electrons
• B. 16 neutrons, 17 electrons
• C. 17 neutrons, 16 electrons
• D. 17 neutrons, 17 electrons

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A negative ion of sulfur would have 16 protons and 17 electrons since it gains one electron. The number of neutrons in an ion does not change, so the neutrons would remain at 16. Therefore, the correct answer is 16 neutrons and 17 electrons, which corresponds to choice B. Choice A is incorrect as it does not account for the extra electron gained by the negative ion. Choices C and D are incorrect because they propose a change in the number of neutrons, which is not affected by the ionization process.

3. What type of macromolecule is hemoglobin?

• A. Carbohydrate
• B. Lipid
• C. Protein
• D. Nucleic acid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protein. Hemoglobin is a protein responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood. Proteins are macromolecules made up of amino acids and play a vital role in various biological functions, including the transportation of molecules like oxygen. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are different types of macromolecules that have distinct structures and functions. Carbohydrates are mainly involved in energy storage and structural support, lipids are essential for energy storage and cell membrane structure, and nucleic acids are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

4. Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with the feeling of happiness and well-being?

• A. Dopamine
• B. Serotonin
• C. GABA
• D. Acetylcholine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter known for its role in mood regulation, promoting feelings of happiness and well-being. It helps regulate emotions, sleep, and appetite. Low levels of serotonin have been linked to conditions like depression and anxiety. Choice A, Dopamine, is more associated with pleasure and reward pathways in the brain. GABA (Choice C) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in reducing neuronal excitability, not primarily linked to happiness. Acetylcholine (Choice D) is involved in muscle contraction and has functions related to memory and attention, but it is not primarily associated with feelings of happiness and well-being.

5. Why is the lining of the stomach covered with rugae?

• A. Rugae increase the output of gastric juices.
• B. Rugae increase the surface area of the stomach.
• C. Rugae increase the permeability of the stomach walls.
• D. Rugae increase the types of nutrients that can diffuse.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rugae are folds in the stomach lining that increase its surface area. This increased surface area allows for more efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients in the stomach. Choice A is incorrect because rugae do not directly affect the output of gastric juices. Choice C is incorrect because rugae do not impact the permeability of the stomach walls. Choice D is incorrect because rugae do not influence the types of nutrients that can diffuse.

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