Nursing Elites

1. What is the name of a condition where the heart rate is 118 beats per minute (bpm)?

• A. Tachycardia
• B. Apnea
• C. Bradycardia
• D. Tachypnea

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tachycardia. Tachycardia is a condition characterized by a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate, typically above 100 bpm. In this case, a heart rate of 118 bpm falls within the range of tachycardia. Apnea (choice B) refers to the temporary cessation of breathing, not related to heart rate. Bradycardia (choice C) is a condition of an abnormally slow heart rate, opposite of the given heart rate. Tachypnea (choice D) is an abnormally rapid breathing rate, not related to heart rate.

2. Which of the following correctly describes a strong acid?

• A. A strong acid completely ionizes in water.
• B. A strong acid donates more than one proton.
• C. A strong acid contains at least one metal atom.
• D. A strong acid will not decompose.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. A strong acid is defined as an acid that completely ionizes in water, meaning it dissociates fully into its constituent ions in solution. This characteristic differentiates strong acids from weak acids, which do not fully dissociate in water. Choice B is incorrect because the number of protons donated does not solely define the strength of an acid. Choice C is incorrect as strong acids are not defined by the presence of metal atoms, and Choice D is incorrect because all acids can decompose, but the strength of the acid is based on its ability to ionize in water.

3. What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) help the kidneys regulate?

• A. Acid-base balance
• B. Blood pressure
• C. Urine output by controlling water reabsorption
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps the kidneys regulate urine output by controlling water reabsorption. ADH acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of water, leading to a decrease in urine output. This helps the body conserve water and maintain proper fluid balance. ADH primarily affects urine output by controlling water reabsorption and does not directly regulate acid-base balance or blood pressure. Therefore, choices A and B are incorrect because ADH does not directly influence acid-base balance or blood pressure.

4. Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?

• A. To produce red blood cells
• B. To provide structural support
• C. To transport nutrients
• D. To store fat

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To provide structural support. The skeletal system is primarily responsible for supporting the body's structure, protecting internal organs, facilitating movement, and storing minerals. While bones do play a role in producing red blood cells (hematopoiesis) in the bone marrow, the main function related to the question is providing structural support. Choices C and D are incorrect as the skeletal system is not involved in transporting nutrients or storing fat. The main functions of the skeletal system are related to support, protection, movement facilitation, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis.

5. In the cardiovascular system, what does the term 'double circulation' refer to?

• A. The separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood flow within the heart.
• B. The regulation of blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
• C. The cyclic contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle.
• D. The existence of two separate circulatory pathways, one for the lungs and one for the body.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The term 'double circulation' in the cardiovascular system refers to the existence of two separate circulatory pathways, one for the lungs (pulmonary circulation) and one for the body (systemic circulation). Oxygen-poor blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation, and then oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the lungs back to the heart to be circulated to the rest of the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the concept of 'double circulation.' Choice A refers to the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood within the heart, choice B relates to blood pressure regulation mechanisms, and choice C describes the cardiac muscle's contraction and relaxation, none of which define 'double circulation' in the context of the cardiovascular system.

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