Nursing Elites

1. What is the name of a condition where the heart rate is 118 beats per minute (bpm)?

• A. Tachycardia
• B. Apnea
• C. Bradycardia
• D. Tachypnea

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tachycardia. Tachycardia is a condition characterized by a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate, typically above 100 bpm. In this case, a heart rate of 118 bpm falls within the range of tachycardia. Apnea (choice B) refers to the temporary cessation of breathing, not related to heart rate. Bradycardia (choice C) is a condition of an abnormally slow heart rate, opposite of the given heart rate. Tachypnea (choice D) is an abnormally rapid breathing rate, not related to heart rate.

2. What type of bond links amino acids together to form proteins?

• A. Hydrogen bond
• B. Ionic bond
• C. Disulfide bond
• D. Covalent bond

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Amino acids are linked together by covalent bonds to form proteins. Specifically, the bond that links amino acids together is called a peptide bond, which is a type of covalent bond. The peptide bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a peptide chain. While hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bonds are important for protein structure and stability, the primary bond responsible for linking amino acids in a protein chain is the covalent peptide bond. Hydrogen bonds are involved in maintaining the secondary structure of proteins, such as alpha helices and beta sheets. Ionic bonds and disulfide bonds contribute to tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins by stabilizing interactions between different parts of the protein or between different protein subunits, respectively.

3. What is the primary function of the digestive system?

• A. To break down food into nutrients
• B. To absorb oxygen
• C. To produce energy
• D. To regulate body temperature

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'To break down food into nutrients.' The primary function of the digestive system is to break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body for energy, growth, and repair. The digestive system is not responsible for absorbing oxygen (Choice B), as that is the role of the respiratory system. While the digestion process does release energy from nutrients, the primary function is not to produce energy (Choice C), but rather to extract nutrients for energy production. Regulating body temperature (Choice D) is primarily handled by the thermoregulatory mechanisms in the body, such as the skin and sweat glands, not the digestive system.

4. What property of a substance remains constant regardless of changes in its shape or size?

• A. Mass
• B. Weight
• C. Density
• D. Volume

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and remains constant regardless of changes in its shape or size. Weight, density, and volume can all change depending on the conditions, but mass remains the same. For example, if you have a piece of clay and you shape it into a ball or flatten it into a pancake, the amount of clay (mass) will remain the same, even though the shape and size have changed. Weight is the force acting on an object due to gravity, which can vary depending on the gravitational pull. Density is the mass per unit volume, so it changes with variations in volume. Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object, which can change if the shape or size of the object is altered.

5. Which structure of the respiratory system bifurcates into the primary bronchi?

• A. Trachea
• B. Alveoli
• C. Bronchioles
• D. Larynx

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The trachea is the structure that bifurcates into the primary bronchi. The trachea is a tube that carries air to and from the lungs. It divides into the left and right primary bronchi at a specific point called the carina, which then further divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi, leading to the bronchioles. The alveoli are the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange occurs, not the structure that bifurcates into the primary bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller airway branches that come after the bronchi but do not bifurcate into them. The larynx, also known as the voice box, is located above the trachea and is responsible for sound production, not the bifurcation into primary bronchi. Therefore, the correct answer is the trachea.

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