Nursing Elites

1. What is the major difference between somatic and germline mutations?

• A. Somatic mutations usually benefit the individual while germline mutations usually harm them.
• B. Since germline mutations only affect one cell, they are less noticeable than the rapidly dividing somatic cells.
• C. Somatic mutations are not expressed for several generations, but germline mutations are expressed immediately.
• D. Germline mutations are usually inherited while somatic mutations will affect only the individual.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The major difference between somatic and germline mutations is that germline mutations are usually inherited and can be passed on to offspring, while somatic mutations occur in non-reproductive cells and only affect the individual in which they occur. This means that germline mutations have the potential to be present in future generations, while somatic mutations do not.

2. In the K-capture process, a type of electron capture, from which electron shell does the electron get captured?

• A. The outermost s-orbital
• B. An inner p-orbital
• C. An inner d-orbital
• D. Any available electron shell

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The K-capture process involves the capture of an electron from the innermost electron shell, known as the K-shell. The K-shell comprises s and p orbitals. During the K-capture process, an electron is specifically captured from an inner p-orbital within the K-shell. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because K-capture involves capturing an electron from the innermost shell (K-shell) which consists of s and p orbitals, not the outermost s-orbital, inner d-orbital, or any available electron shell.

3. Which of the following describes a scalar quantity?

• A. Velocity
• B. Acceleration
• C. Force
• D. Speed

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A scalar quantity is a physical quantity that has magnitude only, without any direction. Speed is an example of a scalar quantity because it only describes how fast an object is moving without specifying the direction of motion. Velocity, acceleration, and force are vector quantities because they have both magnitude and direction. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Speed.' Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because velocity, acceleration, and force are all vector quantities that involve both magnitude and direction.

4. What is insulin, where is it produced, and what is its function?

• A. Produced in the liver, regulates fat storage
• B. Produced in the pancreas, regulates blood sugar
• C. Produced in the stomach, aids in digestion
• D. Produced in the kidneys, controls hydration

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas. Its primary function is to regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose by cells for energy. The other choices are incorrect as insulin is not produced in the liver (Choice A), stomach (Choice C), or kidneys (Choice D), and its function is not related to fat storage, digestion, or hydration. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

5. An atom has 2 protons, 4 neutrons, and 2 electrons. What is the approximate atomic mass of this atom?

• A. 2
• B. 4
• C. 6
• D. 8

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The atomic mass of an atom is the sum of the protons and neutrons in its nucleus. In this case, the atom has 2 protons and 4 neutrons, totaling 6 particles in the nucleus. Therefore, the approximate atomic mass of this atom is 6, making choice C incorrect. The number of electrons does not significantly contribute to the atomic mass, as they are much lighter and located in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not reflect the correct calculation of atomic mass based on protons and neutrons only.

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