Nursing Elites

1. What is the main function of lysosomes?

• A. Breaking down and recycling cellular waste
• B. Storing carbohydrates
• C. Synthesizing lipids
• D. Transcribing DNA into mRNA

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The main function of lysosomes is to break down and recycle cellular waste materials, such as old organelles, foreign substances, and cellular debris. This process is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and proper functioning. Storing carbohydrates (B), synthesizing lipids (C), and transcribing DNA into mRNA (D) are not functions typically associated with lysosomes. Storing carbohydrates is primarily done by other organelles like vacuoles. Synthesizing lipids is a function usually associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and transcribing DNA into mRNA occurs in the nucleus by the process of transcription.

2. Which of the following glands helps regulate calcium levels?

• A. Osteotoid gland
• B. Pineal gland
• C. Parathyroid glands
• D. Thymus gland

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Parathyroid glands. The parathyroid glands are responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body. They produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps control calcium levels in the blood by acting on the bones, kidneys, and intestines. The other options, such as the osteotoid gland, pineal gland, and thymus gland, do not play a significant role in calcium regulation. The osteotoid gland is a fictitious term, the pineal gland is involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles and producing melatonin, and the thymus gland is part of the immune system and plays a role in T-cell maturation.

3. Which term is used interchangeably with negative variation?

• A. Non-correlation
• B. Direct correlation
• C. Inverse correlation
• D. Positive correlation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Inverse correlation. Negative variation is synonymous with inverse correlation, indicating that as one variable increases, the other decreases. This relationship is the opposite of positive correlation, where both variables increase or decrease together. Non-correlation and direct correlation do not convey the concept of negative variation and are not interchangeable terms in this context. Non-correlation refers to variables that are not related or associated, while direct correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other also increases. Positive correlation describes a relationship where both variables increase together, which is the opposite of negative variation.

4. Which system's primary function is protection, sensory reception, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, insulation, and vitamin D absorption?

• A. Nervous system
• B. Integumentary system
• C. Endocrine system
• D. Digestive system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Integumentary system (Option B). The integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands, serves various functions such as providing protection against external factors, sensory reception, regulating body temperature (thermoregulation), maintaining water balance (osmoregulation), insulating the body, and absorbing vitamin D from sunlight. The nervous system (Option A) is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body. The endocrine system (Option C) produces and secretes hormones to regulate bodily functions. The digestive system (Option D) is involved in breaking down food for nutrient absorption. Therefore, the primary functions described in the question align with those of the integumentary system, making it the correct choice.

5. Which of the following stimulates adaptive immunity?

• A. Peptides
• B. Phagocytes
• C. Prions
• D. Platelets

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Prions. Prions are infectious proteins that can stimulate an adaptive immune response by triggering the production of specific antibodies. Peptides are fragments of proteins and can be processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells to activate T cells, which play a role in adaptive immunity. Phagocytes, such as macrophages, are part of the innate immune system and are involved in engulfing and destroying pathogens, but they do not directly stimulate adaptive immunity. Platelets are primarily involved in blood clotting and are not directly related to stimulating adaptive immunity.

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