Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following correctly identifies a difference between the primary and secondary immune response?

• A. In the secondary response, macrophages migrate to the lymph nodes to present the foreign microorganism to helper T lymphocytes.
• B. The humoral immunity that characterizes the primary response is coordinated by B lymphocytes.
• C. The primary response is quicker and more powerful than the secondary response.
• D. Suppressor T cells are activated in the secondary response to prevent an overactive immune response.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. The primary immune response is slower and less powerful compared to the secondary immune response. During the primary response, immune cells encounter the antigen for the first time, necessitating the activation and proliferation of specific immune cells. In contrast, the secondary response benefits from memory cells that quickly recognize the antigen, enabling a faster and more potent immune response. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. While macrophages play a role in presenting antigens to T cells, this is not a defining difference between primary and secondary responses. Humoral immunity involves B lymphocytes in both primary and secondary responses, so it does not differentiate the two. Suppressor T cells primarily function to regulate the immune response but are not a key factor distinguishing primary from secondary responses.

2. Which part of the brain is responsible for higher brain functions, such as thought and action?

• A. Amygdala
• B. Brain stem
• C. Cerebellum
• D. Cerebrum

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The cerebrum is the correct answer as it is responsible for higher brain functions like thought and action. The amygdala (Choice A) is involved in emotions and emotional responses, not higher brain functions. The brain stem (Choice B) controls basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate, not higher brain functions. The cerebellum (Choice C) is mainly responsible for motor control and coordination, not higher brain functions like thought and action.

3. What is the function of the stratified cuboidal epithelium lining the salivary glands?

• A. Protection
• B. Gas exchange
• C. Secretion
• D. Absorption

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Secretion. The stratified cuboidal epithelium lining the salivary glands is responsible for secretion. This type of epithelium, made of multiple layers of cube-shaped cells, is specialized for secretion and protection. In the salivary glands, these cells secrete saliva to aid in the digestion process. Choice A, Protection, is incorrect because while the epithelium does provide some level of protection, its primary function in the salivary glands is secretion. Choice B, Gas exchange, is incorrect as the salivary glands are not involved in gas exchange processes. Choice D, Absorption, is also incorrect as the main role of this epithelium in the salivary glands is not absorption but rather secretion of saliva.

4. Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?

• A. Carbon Dioxide
• B. Methane
• C. Oxygen
• D. Water Vapor

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Carbon Dioxide: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas released into the atmosphere through various human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. It contributes to global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere. B) Methane: Methane is another greenhouse gas released from sources like livestock, landfills, and natural gas production. It is more potent than carbon dioxide in trapping heat. C) Oxygen: Oxygen is not considered a greenhouse gas. It is a vital component of the Earth's atmosphere necessary for respiration and combustion, but it does not trap heat like greenhouse gases do. D) Water Vapor: Water vapor is a significant greenhouse gas that plays a crucial role in the Earth's climate system by trapping heat in the atmosphere. It is the most abundant greenhouse gas. Therefore, the correct answer is C) Oxygen, as it is not a greenhouse gas.

5. What is the oxidation state of carbon in CH4?

• A. +1
• B. -1
• C. +2
• D. -4

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In CH4 (methane), carbon is bonded to four hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen has an oxidation state of +1. Since the overall charge of CH4 is 0, the oxidation state of carbon must be -4 to balance the charges. Each hydrogen contributes an oxidation state of +1, resulting in a total of +4 from hydrogen atoms. To achieve a total oxidation state of 0 for the molecule, carbon must have an oxidation state of -4 to offset the contribution from hydrogen. Therefore, the correct answer is -4. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect: +1 is the oxidation state of hydrogen, -1 is not the oxidation state of carbon in methane, and +2 is not the correct oxidation state of carbon in CH4.

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