Nursing Elites

1. What is the law of conservation of energy?

• A. Energy cannot be created, only destroyed
• B. Energy can be created but not destroyed
• C. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another
• D. Energy is always created in any process

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.' The law of conservation of energy is a fundamental principle in physics. It states that the total energy in a closed system remains constant over time. Energy can change from one form to another (e.g., potential energy to kinetic energy), but the total amount of energy remains the same. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately represent the law of conservation of energy. Energy is not created or destroyed according to this law, but rather transformed.

2. Which term describes the allele for green eyes?

• A. Dominant
• B. Recessive
• C. Homozygous
• D. Heterozygous

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'B: Recessive.' In genetics, eye color is determined by multiple genes, with green eyes often being associated with a recessive allele. When an individual carries two copies of the recessive allele for green eyes, they will express this eye color. Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive alleles. Homozygous refers to having two identical alleles for a particular gene, and heterozygous refers to having two different alleles. In this context, the allele for green eyes is recessive, meaning it is expressed only when an individual carries two copies of this specific allele. Therefore, 'Recessive' is the most appropriate term to describe the allele for green eyes, making it the correct answer.

3. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

• A. Interphase
• B. Mitosis
• C. Meiosis
• D. Cytokinesis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell spends the majority of its time and is characterized by three subphases: G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), and G2 (Gap 2). DNA replication specifically occurs during the S phase of interphase. This is a crucial step as it ensures that each daughter cell produced during cell division receives an exact copy of the genetic material. Mitosis is responsible for the equal distribution of the replicated DNA to the daughter cells during cell division. Meiosis is a specialized cell division process for gamete production in sexually reproducing organisms, involving two rounds of division to generate haploid cells. Cytokinesis is the final step of the cell cycle, where the cytoplasm divides to complete the formation of two separate daughter cells following nuclear division.

4. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate?

• A. Somatic nervous system
• B. Autonomic nervous system
• C. Peripheral nervous system
• D. Central nervous system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The autonomic nervous system is the correct answer. It is responsible for controlling involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and other automatic processes in the body. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, making choice A incorrect. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, which is not directly responsible for these involuntary functions, making choice C incorrect. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, but it is not primarily responsible for regulating involuntary functions, making choice D incorrect.

5. The van't Hoff factor (i) accounts for the number of particles a solute dissociates into in solution. For a compound that dissociates completely in water, i would be...

• A. 0
• B. Less than 1
• C. 1
• D. More than 1

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The van't Hoff factor (i) represents the number of particles a solute dissociates into in solution. For a compound that dissociates completely in water, i would be more than 1 because it breaks apart into more particles than the original compound. This is due to complete dissociation leading to an increase in the number of particles in solution, resulting in i being greater than 1. Choice A is incorrect as a compound that dissociates completely will not have an i value of 0. Choice B is incorrect because when a compound dissociates completely, the van't Hoff factor is not less than 1. Choice C is incorrect as a compound that dissociates completely will not have an i value of 1, but rather more than 1 due to the increased number of particles in solution.

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