Nursing Elites

1. What is the function of white blood cells?

• A. To transport oxygen
• B. To fight infection
• C. To carry oxygen
• D. To produce antibodies

Correct answer: B

Rationale: White blood cells play a crucial role in the immune system by fighting infection and protecting the body from foreign invaders. Choice A, 'To transport oxygen,' is incorrect because red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen. Choice C, 'To carry oxygen,' is also inaccurate for the same reason. Choice D, 'To produce antibodies,' while related to the immune system, is not the primary function of white blood cells, as their main role is to directly combat infections.

2. Which of the following compounds often contains a carboxyl group?

• A. Carbohydrates
• B. Glycolipids
• C. Amino Acids
• D. DNA

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Amino Acids. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, contain both an amine group and a carboxyl group. The carboxyl group (-COOH) is crucial for the structure and function of proteins as it participates in peptide bond formation. Carbohydrates and DNA do not typically contain carboxyl groups as a functional group. Glycolipids consist of a carbohydrate chain linked to a lipid, but they do not inherently contain a carboxyl group.

3. What is the Aufbau principle?

• A. The principle that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy.
• B. The principle that electrons cannot occupy the same orbital with the same spin.
• C. The principle that the maximum number of electrons in an orbital is 2n^2, where n is the energy level of the orbital.
• D. The principle that the attractive force between an electron and the nucleus is inversely proportional to the distance between them.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The Aufbau principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy. This principle helps to explain the electron configuration of atoms and how electrons are distributed within the energy levels and sublevels of an atom. By following the Aufbau principle, one can determine the electron configuration of an atom by sequentially adding electrons to orbitals in order of their increasing energy levels, starting with the lowest energy level. Choice B is incorrect as it describes the Pauli Exclusion Principle, which states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the formula for calculating the maximum number of electrons that can occupy an energy level. Choice D is incorrect as it relates to Coulomb's law, which describes the electrostatic interaction between charged particles.

4. The adaptive immune system has two main branches: humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?

• A. Helper T cells
• B. Cytotoxic T cells
• C. B cells
• D. Natural killer cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: B cells are primarily responsible for antibody production in the adaptive immune system. When activated, B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which are specialized to produce antibodies. Helper T cells play a crucial role in activating B cells, but they do not directly produce antibodies. Cytotoxic T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity by killing infected cells, while natural killer cells are part of the innate immune system and target virus-infected and cancerous cells. Therefore, the correct answer is C (B cells) as they are directly involved in the production of antibodies, essential for humoral immunity.

5. Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?

• A. Cerebrum
• B. Cerebellum
• C. Medulla
• D. Thalamus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The cerebellum is the correct answer as it is the part of the brain responsible for controlling balance and coordination in the body. It receives input from various parts of the brain, spinal cord, and sensory systems to help coordinate voluntary movements. The cerebrum (choice A) is mainly involved in higher brain functions such as thinking, decision-making, and voluntary movements but not specifically balance and coordination. The medulla (choice C) is essential for functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure regulation but not primarily for balance and coordination. The thalamus (choice D) acts as a relay station for sensory information but is not primarily responsible for balance and coordination.

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