Nursing Elites

1. What is the difference between polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy?

• A. Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes influencing one trait, while pleiotropy involves one gene affecting multiple traits.
• B. Polygenic inheritance is found in simple Mendelian traits, while pleiotropy is found in complex traits.
• C. Polygenic inheritance is always quantitative, while pleiotropy can be qualitative or quantitative.
• D. Both involve multiple genes and multiple traits, but the specific mechanisms differ

Correct answer: A

Rationale: - Polygenic inheritance refers to the situation where a trait is influenced by multiple genes, each contributing a small effect to the phenotype. These traits often show continuous variation and are not easily categorized into discrete categories. - Pleiotropy, on the other hand, occurs when a single gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated traits. This means that a mutation in one gene can lead to multiple phenotypic effects across different traits or characteristics. - Therefore, the key difference between polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy lies in the number of genes involved in influencing a trait (multiple genes in polygenic inheritance vs. one gene in pleiotropy) and the direction of influence (one trait affected by multiple genes in polygenic inheritance vs. multiple traits affected by one gene in pleiotropy).

2. What is the primary function of white blood cells?

• A. To carry oxygen
• B. To fight infection
• C. To transport nutrients
• D. To transport waste

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "To fight infection." White blood cells are primarily responsible for fighting infections and foreign invaders in the body, making them a critical component of the immune system. Choice A, "To carry oxygen," is incorrect as red blood cells are responsible for oxygen transport. Choice C, "To transport nutrients," is incorrect as this function is mainly attributed to blood plasma and other specialized cells. Choice D, "To transport waste," is also incorrect as waste removal is primarily handled by the kidneys and the lymphatic system, not white blood cells.

3. What type of molecules are enzymes?

• A. Water molecules
• B. Protein molecules
• C. Tripolar molecules
• D. Inorganic molecules

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Protein molecules. Enzymes are biological catalysts made up of proteins. They function by facilitating and speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms. Therefore, enzymes are primarily composed of protein molecules, not water, tripolar, or inorganic molecules. Choice A (Water molecules), Choice C (Tripolar molecules), and Choice D (Inorganic molecules) are incorrect because enzymes are specifically classified as proteins due to their structure and function in biological systems.

4. What is the pathway of oxygenated blood from the lungs?

• A. Lungs to the left atrium, through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, pumped into the aorta upon contraction, then dispersed to tissues via a network of arteries and capillaries
• B. Lungs to the right atrium, through the mitral valve into the right ventricle, pumped into the aorta upon contraction, then dispersed to tissues via a network of arteries and veins
• C. Lungs to the left atrium, directly to the right aorta, then dispersed to tissues via a network of arteries and capillaries
• D. Lungs to the left atrium, through the septal valve, stored in the left ventricles, then dispersed to tissues via a network of arteries and capillaries

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct pathway of oxygenated blood from the lungs is as follows: Oxygenated blood travels from the lungs to the left atrium, then passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From there, it is pumped into the aorta upon contraction of the heart and is then dispersed to various tissues throughout the body via a network of arteries and capillaries. Choice B is incorrect as it incorrectly mentions the right atrium and ventricle, which are associated with deoxygenated blood. Choice C is incorrect as it mentions a direct connection to the right aorta, which does not exist in the circulatory system. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to the septal valve (which is not anatomically correct) and storing blood in the left ventricle, which does not occur in the normal circulation of blood.

5. Which nervous system controls voluntary motor movement?

• A. Parasympathetic
• B. Sympathetic
• C. Autonomic
• D. Somatic

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Somatic. The somatic nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary motor movements. It includes the motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles and allows us to consciously control our movements. The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are part of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are components of the autonomic nervous system and are not primarily responsible for voluntary motor movements.

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