Nursing Elites

1. What is the term for the reaction between an acid and a base to produce water and a salt?

• A. Combustion
• B. Neutralization
• C. Oxidation
• D. Decomposition

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Neutralization is the correct term for the reaction between an acid and a base to produce water and a salt. During neutralization, the hydrogen ions from the acid react with the hydroxide ions from the base to form water, and the remaining ions combine to form a salt. Combustion involves a reaction with oxygen, oxidation is the loss of electrons, and decomposition is the breakdown of a compound into simpler substances. These processes do not accurately describe the reaction between an acid and a base to produce water and a salt.

2. What is the difference between isometric and isotonic muscle contractions?

• A. Isometric involves movement, while isotonic does not.
• B. Isotonic involves shortening of muscle, while isometric maintains length.
• C. Isometric uses more energy, while isotonic uses less.
• D. Isotonic involves smooth muscle, while isometric involves skeletal muscle.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Isometric contractions occur when the muscle generates tension without changing its length, while isotonic contractions involve the muscle changing length to move a load. In isotonic contractions, the muscle shortens to move a load, whereas in isometric contractions, the muscle contracts to hold a position without movement. Choice A is incorrect because isometric contractions do not involve movement, while choice C is incorrect as isotonic contractions typically require more energy due to movement. Choice D is incorrect because the type of muscle involved (smooth or skeletal) is not the defining factor between isometric and isotonic contractions.

3. Which bone is the longest in the human body?

• A. Femur (Thigh bone)
• B. Humerus (Upper arm bone)
• C. Tibia (Shin bone)
• D. Scapula (Shoulder blade)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the femur (thigh bone) as it is the longest bone in the human body, extending from the hip to the knee. It plays a vital role in supporting the body's weight and enabling movement. The humerus is located in the upper arm and is not as long as the femur. The tibia is the shin bone and is shorter than the femur. The scapula is the shoulder blade and is not the longest bone in the body, making it an incorrect choice.

4. Which of the following describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein?

• A. Replication
• B. Transcription
• C. Translation
• D. Both transcription and translation

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Both transcription and translation.' Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA through transcription and from RNA to protein through translation. Replication is the process of copying DNA to produce an identical DNA molecule. Choice A, 'Replication,' is incorrect because replication is not directly involved in the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein. Choice B, 'Transcription,' is incorrect as it represents the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template, which is the initial step in the flow of genetic information. Choice C, 'Translation,' is also incorrect as it refers to the process of translating the information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis, which is the second step in the flow of genetic information.

5. What is the process of a gas changing into a liquid called?

• A. Evaporation
• B. Boiling
• C. Condensation
• D. Sublimation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Condensation is the process where gas particles release energy, slow down, and come together to form a liquid. This phase change occurs when the temperature of the gas decreases, causing the particles to lose energy and transition into the liquid state. In condensation, the gas loses heat energy, leading to a decrease in kinetic energy, which allows the particles to come closer together and form a liquid. This transformation is commonly observed when water vapor in the air cools down and turns into liquid water droplets, seen as dew or fog. Evaporation (choice A) is the opposite process where a liquid changes into a gas. Boiling (choice B) is the rapid phase change from liquid to gas that occurs at a specific temperature. Sublimation (choice D) is the direct transition of a substance from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through the liquid phase.

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