Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is responsible for generating the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat?

• A. Aorta
• B. Pulmonary veins
• C. Coronary arteries
• D. Sinoatrial (SA) node

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The Sinoatrial (SA) node is responsible for generating the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat. It is often referred to as the heart's natural pacemaker because it initiates the electrical signals that coordinate the heart's contractions. The other options listed (Aorta, Pulmonary veins, Coronary arteries) do not play a direct role in generating the electrical impulses for the heartbeat. The Aorta is a large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, the Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart, and the Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle itself, but none of them are involved in generating the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat.

2. Convert 0.07 to a fraction.

• A. 7/100
• B. 1/10
• C. 1/20
• D. 1/50

Correct answer: A

Rationale: To convert 0.07 to a fraction, we note that 0.07 is equivalent to 7/100. This is because 0.07 can be read as 7 hundredths. Thus, the correct fraction form is 7/100. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Choice B, 1/10, is the fraction equivalent to 0.1, not 0.07. Choice C, 1/20, and Choice D, 1/50, are also incorrect as they do not represent the value of 0.07 when converted to a fraction.

3. The immune response can be categorized into two main branches:

• A. Humoral and cellular
• B. Innate and adaptive
• C. Primary and secondary
• D. Active and passive

Correct answer: A

Rationale: - The immune response can be broadly categorized into two main branches: the humoral immune response and the cellular immune response. - The humoral immune response involves the production of antibodies by B cells and is primarily responsible for defending against extracellular pathogens such as bacteria and viruses in the bloodstream and tissues. - The cellular immune response involves the activation of T cells, which can directly kill infected cells or help coordinate the immune response. This branch is crucial for combating intracellular pathogens like viruses and some bacteria. - Options B, C, and D do not accurately represent the main branches of the immune response and are therefore incorrect.

4. What are the structural and functional units responsible for creating and transporting urine, located in the cortex of the kidney?

• A. Glomerulus
• B. Nephrons
• C. Loops of Henle
• D. Distal tubules

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Nephrons.' Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidneys responsible for creating and transporting urine. Each kidney contains thousands of nephrons located in the cortex and medulla. The nephron consists of the renal corpuscle, which includes the glomerulus, and the renal tubule, which consists of the proximal tubule, loops of Henle, and distal tubule. While the glomerulus, loops of Henle, and distal tubules are all parts of the nephron, the nephrons as a whole are specifically responsible for creating and transporting urine.

5. Based on the word choices in the following sentence, which of the following is the most likely meaning of the prefix per-?

• A. Across
• B. By
• C. With
• D. Through

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The prefix 'per-' commonly means 'through,' indicating movement from one side to the other or completely through something. In this context, 'through' is the most fitting interpretation as it aligns with the idea of complete passage or thorough involvement. The other options do not convey the concept of going completely through something. 'Across' implies moving from one side to another but not necessarily all the way through. 'By' denotes proximity or secondary involvement rather than passage through. 'With' indicates accompaniment or association, which is not reflective of the prefix per- in terms of movement or completion.

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