Nursing Elites

1. What is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney?

• A. Neuron
• B. Nephron
• C. Glomerulus
• D. Axon

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Nephron. The nephron is indeed the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is responsible for filtering blood, regulating electrolytes, maintaining fluid balance, and removing waste products. Choice A, Neuron, is incorrect as neurons are nerve cells, not specific to kidney function. Choice C, Glomerulus, is a component of the nephron but not the entire functional unit. Choice D, Axon, is a part of nerve cells and is not related to kidney structure or function.

2. Which phenomenon describes the bending of light as it travels from one medium to another with differing densities?

• A. Reflection
• B. Refraction
• C. Diffraction
• D. Dispersion

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Refraction is the phenomenon that describes the bending of light as it travels from one medium to another with differing densities. This bending occurs due to the change in speed of light as it moves from one medium to another, causing the light rays to change direction. Reflection refers to the bouncing back of light when it hits a surface, diffraction is the bending of light around obstacles, and dispersion is the separation of light into its different colors. Therefore, in the context of light moving through different media, refraction accurately describes the observed bending phenomenon.

3. What is the term for a solution with a pH value less than 7?

• A. Acidic
• B. Neutral
• C. Alkaline
• D. Basic

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Solutions with a pH less than 7 are classified as acidic. pH values below 7 indicate an acidic solution, which means it has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they describe neutral (pH 7), alkaline (pH greater than 7), and basic (another term for alkaline), respectively, which are not applicable to solutions with a pH less than 7.

4. Based on the information given, what is spelunking?

• A. exploring inside a cave
• B. an outdoor adventure
• C. walking with a double stroller
• D. a hot, summer day

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The passage describes spelunking as 'hit the road towards it as soon as you can' and 'discover the wonders of the cool, dark earth even while it is weltering hot in the outside world.' This indicates that spelunking involves exploring inside a cave, making option A, 'exploring inside a cave,' the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the description of spelunking provided in the passage.

5. What is the process by which genetic information is used to produce proteins?

• A. Replication
• B. Transcription
• C. Translation
• D. Mutation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Replication is the process by which DNA is copied to produce an identical strand of DNA. This process occurs during cell division to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information. B) Transcription is the process by which genetic information from DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule. This RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA), serves as a template for protein synthesis during translation. C) Translation is the process by which the genetic information carried by mRNA is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids, which are then assembled into a protein. This process occurs at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell. D) Mutation refers to a change in the DNA sequence that can result in alterations to the genetic information. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by external factors such as radiation or chemicals. While mutations can impact protein synthesis, they are not the process by which genetic inf

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