Nursing Elites

1. What is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH)?

• A. H2SO4 + KOH → K2SO4 + H2O
• B. 2H2SO4 + 2KOH → 2K2SO4 + 2H2O
• C. H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O
• D. H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + H2O

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When sulfuric acid (H2SO4) reacts with potassium hydroxide (KOH), it forms potassium sulfate (K2SO4) and water (H2O). To balance the equation, 2 KOH molecules are required to react with 1 H2SO4 molecule, resulting in 1 K2SO4 molecule and 2 H2O molecules. Therefore, the balanced chemical equation is H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O, which corresponds to option C. Choice A is incorrect because it does not account for the correct stoichiometry between the reactants and products. Choice B incorrectly doubles all the molecules in the reaction, leading to an unbalanced equation. Choice D incorrectly balances the equation with 1 KOH molecule instead of the required 2 KOH molecules, making it unbalanced. Thus, option C is the correct balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide.

2. Which type of reaction typically undergoes condensation reactions?

• A. Catabolism
• B. Anabolism
• C. Exothermic
• D. Endothermic

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'B: Anabolism.' Anabolic reactions typically involve condensation reactions, where smaller molecules are joined together to form larger molecules by releasing water as a byproduct. This process is fundamental in the synthesis of complex molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Choice A, 'Catabolism,' involves decomposition reactions where larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, which is the opposite of condensation reactions. Choices C and D, 'Exothermic' and 'Endothermic,' refer to the heat exchange during a reaction and are not directly related to the process of condensation reactions.

3. In the context of cholesterol levels, LDL cholesterol is often referred to as:

• A. HDL or "good" cholesterol.
• B. LDL or "bad" cholesterol.
• C. Total cholesterol, encompassing both LDL and HDL.
• D. VLDL, a type of triglyceride transported in the bloodstream.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: LDL cholesterol is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol because high levels of LDL can lead to plaque buildup in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. LDL cholesterol is considered harmful as it contributes to the formation of plaque in blood vessels, whereas HDL cholesterol helps remove LDL from the arteries. Choice A is incorrect because HDL is known as "good" cholesterol, which helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to total cholesterol, which includes LDL, HDL, and other lipids. Choice D is incorrect as VLDL is a different type of lipoprotein that carries triglycerides and is not specifically related to LDL cholesterol.

4. What is a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland and excessive production of thyroid hormones called?

• A. Diabetes mellitus
• B. Hyperthyroidism
• C. Hypothyroidism
• D. Cushing's syndrome

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland is overactive and produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones. This can lead to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, sweating, and nervousness. Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either insufficient insulin production or the body's inability to respond to insulin. Hypothyroidism is the opposite of hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid gland is underactive and produces insufficient thyroid hormones. Cushing's syndrome is a disorder that occurs when the body has a high level of the hormone cortisol for a long time.

5. What type of macromolecule is hemoglobin?

• A. Carbohydrate
• B. Lipid
• C. Protein
• D. Nucleic acid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protein. Hemoglobin is a protein responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood. Proteins are macromolecules made up of amino acids and play a vital role in various biological functions, including the transportation of molecules like oxygen. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are different types of macromolecules that have distinct structures and functions. Carbohydrates are mainly involved in energy storage and structural support, lipids are essential for energy storage and cell membrane structure, and nucleic acids are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

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