Nursing Elites

1. What determines the magnitude of the frictional force acting on a book sliding across a table?

• A. Only the mass of the book
• B. Only the normal force from the table
• C. Both the mass of the book and the normal force from the table
• D. Neither the mass of the book nor the normal force from the table

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The magnitude of the frictional force acting on the book sliding across a table is determined by both the mass of the book and the normal force from the table. Frictional force is proportional to the normal force (which is influenced by the weight of the book, i.e., its mass) and is affected by the surfaces in contact and other friction-related factors. Therefore, both the mass of the book and the normal force from the table are essential in determining the frictional force experienced by the book during its sliding motion. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because friction is a result of the interaction between the surfaces and is influenced by both the mass of the object and the normal force acting on it.

2. The body's first line of defense against pathogens is the innate immune system. Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?

• A. Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes
• B. Phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens
• C. Inflammatory response to isolate and contain infection
• D. Production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen is a function of the adaptive immune system, not the innate immune system. The innate immune system provides immediate, non-specific defense mechanisms against pathogens, including physical barriers, phagocytes, and inflammatory responses. Choices A, B, and C are all correct components of the innate immune system. Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes act as the first line of defense, preventing pathogens from entering the body. Phagocytes are specialized cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, while the inflammatory response helps isolate and contain infections to prevent their spread.

3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?

• A. Regulation of body temperature
• B. Protection from pathogens
• C. Synthesis of vitamin D
• D. Production of digestive enzymes

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. The production of digestive enzymes is not a function of the integumentary system. The integumentary system is responsible for regulating body temperature, protecting the body from pathogens, and synthesizing vitamin D. Digestive enzymes are produced by organs in the digestive system, such as the pancreas and stomach, and not by the integumentary system.

4. What is the process of changing from a liquid to a gas called?

• A. Freezing
• B. Condensation
• C. Vaporization
• D. Sublimation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vaporization. Vaporization is the process by which a substance changes from a liquid state to a gas state. Choice A, Freezing, is incorrect as it refers to the process of changing from a liquid to a solid. Choice B, Condensation, is incorrect as it describes the process of changing from a gas to a liquid. Choice D, Sublimation, is incorrect as it involves changing directly from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state.

5. What is the term for a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a mitochondrial gene?

• A. Autosomal dominant disorder
• B. Autosomal recessive disorder
• C. Sex-linked disorder
• D. Mitochondrial disorder

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Autosomal dominant disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one copy of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. B) Autosomal recessive disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in both copies of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. C) Sex-linked disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in genes located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y). It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. D) Mitochondrial disorder: Mitochondrial disorders are genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes located in the mitochondria, the energy-producing structures within cells. These disorders are inherited maternally and can affect various organs and systems in the body due to the role of mitochondria in energy production.

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