Nursing Elites

1. What are the cellular functions of cilia and flagella?

• A. Cilia and flagella are responsible for cell movement.
• B. Cilia and flagella synthesize proteins.
• C. Cilia and flagella help protect the cell from its environment.
• D. Cilia and flagella have enzymes that help with digestion.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Cilia and flagella are microtubule-based structures found on the surface of many eukaryotic cells. Their primary function is to facilitate cell movement. Cilia are short, numerous, and move in coordinated waving motions to move substances along the cell's surface. Flagella are longer and usually limited to one or a few per cell, providing a propeller-like movement for the cell. Both cilia and flagella aid in cell motility and are essential for various cellular functions, primarily involved in cell movement rather than protein synthesis, protection, or digestion. Therefore, choice A is correct as it accurately describes the primary function of cilia and flagella. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as cilia and flagella are not involved in protein synthesis, cell protection, or digestion in cells.

2. Which of the following is an example of a weak acid?

• A. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• B. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
• C. Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
• D. Nitric acid (HNO3)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Acetic acid (CH3COOH) because it is a weak acid that only partially dissociates in water, resulting in a lower concentration of H+ ions compared to strong acids like hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and nitric acid (HNO3) which completely dissociate in water. Weak acids do not fully ionize in water, leading to a lower concentration of H+ ions in solution. Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid are strong acids that completely dissociate in water, producing a higher concentration of H+ ions. Therefore, they are not examples of weak acids.

3. What type of cells compose the epidermis?

• A. Osteoclasts
• B. Connective
• C. Dendritic
• D. Epithelial

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Epithelial. The epidermis is composed of epithelial cells, specifically called keratinocytes, which are responsible for producing keratin, a protein that provides the skin with strength and flexibility. Epithelial cells form the protective outer layer of the skin and play a crucial role in skin repair and regeneration. Choice A - Osteoclasts are cells involved in bone remodeling, not found in the epidermis. Choice B - Connective tissue cells are not the primary cells found in the epidermis. They are more commonly found in the dermis, providing structural support and elasticity to the skin. Choice C - Dendritic cells are part of the immune system and are present in the skin to help recognize pathogens and activate the immune response. However, they are not the main cell type that composes the epidermis.

4. What is the term for a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring?

• A. Genus
• B. Phylum
• C. Kingdom
• D. Species

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A species is defined as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, which is a fundamental concept in biology. This ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring is a key characteristic that distinguishes one species from another. Genus (option A) refers to a taxonomic rank that includes one or more closely related species, not the ability to interbreed. Phylum (option B) and kingdom (option C) are higher taxonomic ranks that encompass a broader range of organisms, not specifically defined by interbreeding and fertile offspring production. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Species.'

5. What breaks down into glucose to provide energy?

• A. Lipids
• B. Proteins
• C. Carbohydrates
• D. Nucleic acids

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose during digestion, providing energy for cellular processes through glycolysis and cellular respiration. Glucose is a primary source of energy for cells, and its breakdown is essential for powering various cellular activities. Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol, not glucose. Proteins are broken down into amino acids and are not a direct source of glucose. Nucleic acids are not broken down into glucose for energy production.

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