Nursing Elites

1. According to the passage, what effect does encountering an automobile with eighteen wheels have on the hypothesis 'All automobiles have only four wheels'?

• A. It proves the hypothesis.
• B. It raises the hypothesis's probability.
• C. It disproves the hypothesis.
• D. It decreases the hypothesis's probability.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Encountering an automobile with eighteen wheels contradicts the hypothesis that all automobiles have only four wheels. This contradicts the initial hypothesis, proving it to be false. The passage explains that when evidence disproves a hypothesis, it directly contradicts the hypothesis, leading to its disproof. In the context of the monkey example provided, encountering a hairless monkey out of many hairy monkeys disproved the hypothesis 'All monkeys are hairy.' Therefore, the presence of an automobile with eighteen wheels disproves the hypothesis that all automobiles have only four wheels. Other choices are incorrect because encountering such an automobile directly contradicts the initial hypothesis, leading to its disproof, rather than proving it, raising its probability, or decreasing its probability.

2. What is one idea that the students above seem to agree on, based on their statements?

• A. Students should be allowed to express themselves through their apparel.
• B. Schools should give students a certain amount of respect.
• C. Students should focus more on school than on their appearance.
• D. Schools would violate students' basic rights by enforcing a dress code.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Both Lisa Grant and Vivian Harris express the idea that schools should give students a certain amount of respect. Lisa Grant believes that wearing uniforms would help students respect each other based on ideas and character rather than appearance. Vivian Harris, on the other hand, argues against uniforms, emphasizing that clothing is crucial for self-expression and taking it away suppresses students' rights. However, at the core of both their arguments is the underlying theme of advocating for respect towards students.

3. First-hand accounts of an event, subject matter, time period, or an individual are referred to as what type of source?

• A. Primary sources
• B. Secondary sources
• C. Direct sources
• D. Indirect sources

Correct answer: A

Rationale: First-hand accounts, like the speech by Charles Dickens, are considered primary sources as they provide direct evidence or original data from the event or time period. Primary sources offer firsthand information, such as diaries, speeches, letters, autobiographies, or original research reports. Secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources, making them one step removed from the original event or period. Direct and indirect sources are not commonly used terms in the context of primary and secondary sources.

4. Which of the following sentences distracts the reader from the main focus of the passage?

• A. Malory's work, which is believed to be largely a translation of older French stories, was written in prose style.
• B. Instead of embracing the romance angle, however, Malory focused more on the moral elements within these stories.
• C. In Tennyson's work, Arthur chooses to forgive Guinevere, and she chooses to spend the rest of her days doing good works in a convent.
• D. Charles Dickens is remembered for doing the same thing in his novels about the abuses of lower-class children in Victorian England.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The focus of the passage is on Malory and Tennyson and their interpretations of the Arthurian legends. The mention of Charles Dickens in choice D is irrelevant and distracts the reader from the main discussion. While the other choices discuss Malory's prose style, his focus on moral elements, and Tennyson's approach to the Arthurian stories, choice D brings in a comparison to Charles Dickens and his novels about lower-class children in Victorian England. This mention of Dickens does not directly relate to the main theme of the passage, making it the correct answer as the distracting sentence.

5. Which of the following supports evaluating a logical argument?

• A. Unbiased information
• B. Generalizations
• C. Emotional statements
• D. Anecdotes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Unbiased information is crucial for assessing the validity and soundness of an argument. It helps in making informed judgments based on facts rather than personal opinions or biases. Choice B, generalizations, can oversimplify complex issues and lack specific evidence, making them unreliable for evaluating logical arguments. Emotional statements (Choice C) can cloud judgment and introduce subjective elements that may not be logically relevant. Anecdotes (Choice D) are specific instances that may not represent the overall truth or validity of an argument, making them less reliable for logical evaluation.

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