Nursing Elites

1. Tundra, savannas, grasslands, deserts, and rainforests are examples of what?

• A. Biomasses
• B. Biospheres
• C. Biodiversity
• D. Biomes

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Tundra, savannas, grasslands, deserts, and rainforests are examples of biomes. A biome is a large geographical area with similar climatic conditions and distinct flora and fauna. Each biome has its unique characteristics, such as temperature, precipitation levels, and types of vegetation, which define the ecosystem within that region. Biomasses refer to the total mass of living organisms in a given area, biospheres are the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, and biodiversity represents the variety of life forms in a specific habitat.

2. During protein synthesis, what process uses an RNA strand to produce a complementary strand of DNA?

• A. Transcription
• B. Translation
• C. Transfer synthesis
• D. Codon synthesis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Transcription.' During transcription, an RNA strand is used to produce a complementary strand of DNA. This process is essential for converting the genetic information stored in DNA into RNA. Choice B, 'Translation,' is incorrect as it involves the synthesis of proteins from mRNA. Choice C, 'Transfer synthesis,' is not a recognized term in molecular biology. Choice D, 'Codon synthesis,' is also incorrect as it does not refer to the process of using an RNA strand to produce a complementary DNA strand.

3. Which of the following types of hormones can diffuse through the cell membrane to bind to receptors inside the cell and stimulate a chemical response to a target cell?

• A. fat-soluble hormones
• B. amino acid derivatives
• C. hydrophilic hormones
• D. water-soluble hormones

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: fat-soluble hormones. Fat-soluble hormones are able to diffuse through the cell membrane to bind to receptors inside the cell. This is because they are lipophilic, allowing them to cross the lipid bilayer easily. Once inside the cell, fat-soluble hormones can directly affect gene expression or cell function. Choice B, amino acid derivatives, and choice C, hydrophilic hormones, are not able to diffuse through the cell membrane as they are not lipophilic. Therefore, they cannot bind to receptors inside the cell. Choice D, water-soluble hormones, also cannot diffuse through the cell membrane as it is hydrophilic, making it unable to reach receptors inside the cell.

4. In nature, water vapor becomes liquid water through the process of ___________.

• A. condensation
• B. sublimation
• C. precipitation
• D. absorption

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In nature, water vapor becomes liquid water through the process of condensation. Condensation occurs when water vapor cools and changes its state from a gas to a liquid, forming droplets that we commonly see as water droplets on surfaces or clouds in the sky. Sublimation refers to the transition from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid phase. Precipitation is the process where water in the atmosphere falls to the ground as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Absorption is the process of one substance being taken in by another.

5. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align in the center of the cell?

• A. Prophase
• B. Metaphase
• C. Telophase
• D. Anaphase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is Metaphase. During Metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the center of the cell's equator, forming the metaphase plate. This alignment ensures that during the subsequent phase, Anaphase, the sister chromatids can separate and move towards opposite poles. Prophase is the initial phase of mitosis where chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Telophase is the final phase of mitosis where two new nuclei form.

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