Nursing Elites

1. What is the rigid structure that provides shape and support to plant cells?

• A. Cell wall
• B. Plasma membrane
• C. Nucleus
• D. Cytoplasm

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the cell wall, as it is the rigid structure that provides shape and support to plant cells. The cell wall is located outside the plasma membrane and is primarily composed of cellulose, giving it its rigid nature. The plasma membrane (option B) is a semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. The nucleus (option C) houses the cell's genetic material and controls cellular activities. Cytoplasm (option D) is the gel-like substance within the cell that surrounds organelles and where various cellular processes take place, but it does not provide the rigid structure and support that the cell wall does.

2. Which of the following describes the path through which air moves during inhalation?

• A. mouth/nose > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli
• B. bronchioles > alveoli > bronchi > larynx > pharynx > lungs
• C. mouth/nose > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli > lungs > trachea
• D. alveoli > bronchioles > lungs > bronchi > trachea > larynx > pharynx > mouth/nose

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct path through which air moves during inhalation is from the mouth/nose > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli. This sequence accurately represents the typical route air takes as it travels from the external environment into the lungs to facilitate gas exchange in the alveoli. Choice B is incorrect as it reverses the order of bronchioles and alveoli. Choice C is incorrect as it starts with mouth/nose but then incorrectly lists lungs before trachea. Choice D is incorrect as it reverses the entire sequence of the respiratory pathway, starting with alveoli instead of mouth/nose.

3. According to the Law of Conservation of Energy, what happens to the total amount of energy in a closed system?

• A. Increases over time.
• B. Decreases over time.
• C. Remains constant.
• D. Depends on the temperature of the system.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to the Law of Conservation of Energy, the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant. This principle states that energy cannot be created or destroyed within the system but can only be transformed from one form to another. Therefore, the total energy within the system is conserved and does not change over time. Choice A is incorrect because the total energy in a closed system does not increase over time, as it remains constant. Choice B is incorrect as the total energy does not decrease over time within a closed system. Choice D is incorrect as the conservation of energy is not dependent on the temperature of the system, but rather on the transformation and conservation of energy within the system. Understanding this concept is fundamental for understanding the behavior of energy in various physical systems and processes.

4. When making a dilution, what do you do?

• A. Add more solvent to a concentrated solution
• B. Change the temperature of the solution
• C. Decrease the concentration of a solution
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When making a dilution, you decrease the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent to a concentrated solution. This process does not involve changing the temperature of the solution, so option B is incorrect. Option A is also incorrect because you are not adding more solute to the solution during dilution. Therefore, the correct answer is C) Decrease the concentration of a solution. Options A and B are incorrect as dilution involves adding more solvent, not solute, and does not require changing the temperature of the solution.

5. What is the term for a repetitive, involuntary muscle contraction that can cause pain and stiffness?

• A. Cramp
• B. Spasm
• C. Tic
• D. Fibrosis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A spasm is a repetitive, involuntary muscle contraction that can cause pain and stiffness. While cramps are a type of spasm, not all spasms are cramps. Tics are sudden, repetitive movements or sounds made involuntarily. Fibrosis refers to the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as part of a reparative or reactive process. In this context, a spasm best fits the description provided, making it the correct answer. Cramp, although related to spasms, is more specific and not the general term being sought. Tic does not describe a muscle contraction but rather sudden movements or sounds. Fibrosis does not directly relate to muscle contractions but rather to the formation of excess fibrous tissue in organs or tissues.

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