Nursing Elites

1. What is the process of converting DNA into a protein called?

• A. Transcription
• B. Translation
• C. Replication
• D. Mutation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Translation is the correct answer. It is the process of converting the information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein. Transcription (Choice A) is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. Replication (Choice C) is the process of making an identical copy of DNA. Mutation (Choice D) refers to a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to variations in proteins, but it is not the process of converting DNA into a protein.

2. Which type of reaction builds larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy?

• A. Catabolic reaction
• B. Anabolic reaction
• C. Exothermic reaction
• D. Hydrolytic reaction

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Anabolic reaction.' Anabolic reactions involve the synthesis of larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones, requiring an input of energy, often in the form of ATP. These reactions are essential for processes like growth, repair, and the building of cellular structures. Catabolic reactions, on the other hand, break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy. Exothermic reactions release heat, while hydrolytic reactions involve the breakdown of molecules with the addition of water. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not describe the process of building larger and more complex molecules from smaller ones with the requirement of energy.

3. What is the primary function of the mucous membrane lining the muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach?

• A. Secretion of digestive enzymes
• B. Absorption of nutrients
• C. Lubrication and protection
• D. Storage of bile

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The primary function of the mucous membrane lining the muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach is to provide lubrication and protection. This mucous membrane serves to protect the esophageal lining from damage caused by the passage of food and liquids. It also aids in facilitating the smooth passage of food from the mouth to the stomach by lubricating it, ensuring easier movement. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as the mucous membrane does not secrete digestive enzymes, absorb nutrients, or store bile. Its main role is primarily related to lubricating and protecting the lining of the tube.

4. Identify the organ responsible for blood filtration.

• A. Liver
• B. Kidneys
• C. Spleen
• D. Pancreas

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Kidneys. The kidneys are the organs responsible for blood filtration in the human body. They filter waste products and excess substances from the blood to produce urine. The liver is primarily involved in detoxification and metabolism, the spleen functions in immune responses and blood storage, and the pancreas aids in digestion and blood sugar regulation. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not primarily serve the function of blood filtration.

5. Which of the following is responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response?

• A. Pancreas
• B. Adrenal glands
• C. Thyroid gland
• D. Pituitary gland

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response. During stressful situations, the adrenal glands release hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline, initiating the fight-or-flight response. These hormones prepare the body to either confront or flee from a perceived threat.\nChoice A - Pancreas: The pancreas is primarily responsible for producing insulin and regulating blood sugar levels, not the fight-or-flight response.\nChoice C - Thyroid gland: The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, not directly involved in the fight-or-flight response.\nChoice D - Pituitary gland: The pituitary gland regulates various endocrine functions by releasing hormones, but it is not the primary gland responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

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