Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following basic mechanisms of evolution is described as the process where organisms with an advantageous trait survive more often and produce more offspring than organisms without the advantageous trait?

• A. gene flow
• B. genetic drift
• C. mutation
• D. natural selection

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Natural selection is the basic mechanism of evolution that explains how organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce in a given environment. This leads to the passing on of these favorable traits to their offspring, causing these traits to become more common in the population over time, resulting in evolutionary change. Natural selection is driven by environmental pressures that support the survival and reproduction of individuals with specific traits. Gene flow refers to the movement of genes between populations, genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies due to random events, and mutation is the source of genetic variation but is not the process by which advantageous traits become more prevalent in a population.

2. Which of the following is not a component of blood?

• A. Red blood cells
• B. White blood cells
• C. Platelets
• D. Cartilage

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cartilage. Cartilage is not a component of blood. Blood primarily consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen, white blood cells are part of the immune system, and platelets are essential for blood clotting. Cartilage, on the other hand, is a type of connective tissue found in various parts of the body, such as the joints and nose, but it is not present in the blood. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are components of blood, while choice D, Cartilage, is the correct answer as it is not a component of blood.

3. Which mineral is crucial for bone strength and is stored in bones and teeth?

• A. Calcium
• B. Iron
• C. Magnesium
• D. Potassium

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Calcium is crucial for bone strength as it is a major mineral stored in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining bone density and strength, making it essential for overall bone health. Calcium is essential for various physiological functions, including muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. Inadequate calcium intake can lead to conditions like osteoporosis, where bones become weak and brittle. Iron (Choice B) is important for transporting oxygen in the blood, but it is not stored in bones and does not play a significant role in bone strength. Magnesium (Choice C) is essential for bone health, but it is not primarily stored in bones and teeth. Potassium (Choice D) is crucial for various physiological functions, such as fluid balance and muscle function, but it is not a major mineral stored in bones and teeth for bone strength.

4. Which property describes a substance's resistance to flow?

• A. Density
• B. Viscosity
• C. Conductivity
• D. Reactivity

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Viscosity is the property that describes a substance's resistance to flow. A substance with high viscosity flows slowly, while a substance with low viscosity flows quickly. Density (A) is the measure of mass per unit volume; conductivity (C) is the ability of a material to conduct electricity or heat, and reactivity (D) refers to how readily a substance undergoes chemical reactions. Therefore, the correct answer is B, viscosity, as it directly relates to a substance's resistance to flow.

5. How does an unbalanced force affect an object at rest?

• A. It maintains the object's state of rest
• B. It does not affect the object's rest
• C. It moves the object into motion
• D. It decreases the object's mass

Correct answer: C

Rationale: An unbalanced force acting on an object at rest will cause the object to move into motion. This is in accordance with Newton's first law of motion, which states that an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force. Therefore, option C, 'It moves the object into motion,' is the correct answer. Choices A and B are incorrect because an unbalanced force disrupts the object's state of rest. Choice D is incorrect as force does not affect the mass of an object.

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