Nursing Elites

1. What are the fundamental units of structure and function in all living organisms, including humans, termed?

• A. Muscles
• B. Organs
• C. Tissues
• D. Cells

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cells are the fundamental units of structure and function in all living organisms. They are the basic building blocks of life and carry out essential functions necessary for an organism to survive and function properly. Muscles, organs, and tissues are composed of cells, but cells are the smallest unit that can carry out all the functions of life. Muscles are made up of muscle tissue, which in turn is composed of muscle cells. Organs are structures made up of different types of tissues working together, and tissues are groups of cells with a similar structure and function. Therefore, while muscles, organs, and tissues are important components of living organisms, cells are the fundamental units that perform all the vital functions of life.

2. Which kingdom primarily consists of multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose?

• A. Animalia
• B. Fungi
• C. Plantae
• D. Protista

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Animalia consists of multicellular organisms that lack cell walls and are heterotrophic. Therefore, it does not primarily consist of photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose. B) Fungi are multicellular organisms with cell walls made of chitin and are heterotrophic, so they do not fit the description. C) Plantae primarily consists of multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose. This accurately describes plants. D) Protista is a diverse kingdom that includes unicellular and multicellular organisms with varying characteristics, but it does not primarily consist of multicellular, photosynthetic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose.

3. Long bones are one of the five major types of bones in the human body. Which of the following bones are long bones?

• A. Sacrum
• B. Clavicle
• C. Patella
• D. Ulna, Fibula, Humerus

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Long bones are characterized by their elongated shape and include bones like the ulna, fibula, and humerus. These bones are crucial for providing support, structure, and facilitating movement in the human body. The sacrum, clavicle, and patella are not classified as long bones. The sacrum is a triangular bone at the base of the spine, the clavicle is a collarbone, and the patella is the kneecap. While these bones have important functions, they do not fit the definition of long bones due to their shape and structure.

4. Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the right atrium of the heart?

• A. Arteries
• B. Veins
• C. Capillaries
• D. Venules

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Veins are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. Arteries transport oxygenated blood away from the heart. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels where gas exchange occurs between blood and tissues. Venules are small veins that connect capillaries to larger veins, but they do not directly carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

5. What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?

• A. To carry oxygen
• B. To clot blood
• C. To fight infection
• D. To transport nutrients

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To clot blood.' Platelets play a crucial role in the clotting process, forming a plug at the site of blood vessel injury to prevent excessive bleeding. While red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and nutrients are transported by plasma, platelets are specifically responsible for blood clotting. Choice A is incorrect because red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen. Choice C is incorrect because white blood cells are primarily involved in fighting infection. Choice D is incorrect as the transport of nutrients is mainly carried out by plasma, not platelets.

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