Nursing Elites

1. Which dome-shaped muscular structure separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. Sternum
• C. Pericardium
• D. Trachea

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The diaphragm is the correct answer. It is a dome-shaped muscular structure that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm plays a crucial role in breathing by contracting and relaxing to change thoracic volume during inhalation and exhalation. The sternum is a flat bone in the center of the chest and is not the structure that separates the chest and abdominal cavities. The pericardium is a membrane that surrounds the heart, not involved in separating cavities. The trachea is the windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi and is not the structure that separates the chest and abdominal cavities.

2. Which hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, prepares the body for a 'fight or flight' response by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and mobilizing energy stores?

• A. Cortisol
• B. Aldosterone
• C. Epinephrine
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is the hormone produced by the adrenal glands that prepares the body for a 'fight or flight' response. It increases heart rate, dilates airways, and mobilizes energy stores to provide the body with the necessary resources to respond to a perceived threat or stressor. Cortisol, although produced by the adrenal glands, is not responsible for the 'fight or flight' response; it is involved in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress. Aldosterone, another hormone produced by the adrenal glands, primarily regulates electrolyte and fluid balance. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels and is not directly involved in the 'fight or flight' response.

3. Which of the following glands produces hormones that regulate metabolism?

• A. Adrenal gland
• B. Pituitary gland
• C. Thyroid gland
• D. Liver

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that play a crucial role in regulating metabolism. One of the key hormones produced by the thyroid gland is thyroxine, which directly influences the body's metabolic rate. Therefore, the correct answer is the thyroid gland. The adrenal gland produces hormones like adrenaline, which are associated with the stress response and not primarily metabolic regulation. The pituitary gland regulates various other hormones but is not primarily responsible for metabolic regulation. The liver has a role in metabolism, mainly in processes like detoxification and nutrient storage, but it is not a gland that primarily produces hormones for metabolic regulation, making it an incorrect choice in this context.

4. If the pressure in the pulmonary artery is increased above normal, which chamber of the heart will be affected first?

• A. The right atrium
• B. The left atrium
• C. The right ventricle
• D. The left ventricle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When the pressure in the pulmonary artery is increased above normal, the right ventricle of the heart will be affected first. The right ventricle is responsible for pumping blood into the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Increased pressure in the pulmonary artery can result in increased workload on the right ventricle as it tries to pump blood against higher resistance, leading to potential strain and dysfunction in the right ventricle. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the right ventricle is the chamber directly connected to the pulmonary artery, and it bears the immediate impact of any changes in pressure within this artery. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body and the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

5. What does half-life refer to?

• A. Radioactive intensity to completely disappear
• B. The number of neutrons in a nucleus to double
• C. The number of protons in a nucleus to change
• D. An isotope to decay by half of its initial quantity

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Half-life refers to the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. This means that after one half-life, half of the initial quantity of the radioactive substance will have decayed. Choice A is incorrect because radioactive intensity doesn't completely disappear during half-life. Choice B is incorrect as half-life doesn't refer to the number of neutrons doubling. Choice C is incorrect as half-life doesn't relate to the number of protons changing.

Similar Questions