Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is the cytoplasmic organelle that contains fluid-filled tubules for carrying and transporting substances?

• A. Endoplasmic reticulum
• B. Golgi apparatus
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Nucleus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The endoplasmic reticulum is the correct answer. It is the cytoplasmic organelle that contains fluid-filled tubules responsible for carrying and transporting substances within the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification processes. The Golgi apparatus, although important in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or for use within the cell, does not primarily contain fluid-filled tubules for carrying and transporting substances. Mitochondria are responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration, not for carrying and transporting substances. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and is involved in regulating cellular activities but does not contain fluid-filled tubules for transportation.

2. Bile, a yellowish-green fluid, is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion. What is the primary function of bile in digestion?

• A. Break down carbohydrates
• B. Break down proteins
• C. Emulsify fats
• D. Neutralize stomach acid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The primary function of bile in digestion is to emulsify fats. Bile contains bile salts that help break down large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to work on and aiding in the absorption of fats in the small intestine. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because bile's main role is not to break down carbohydrates or proteins, nor to neutralize stomach acid; rather, it primarily assists in the digestion and absorption of fats through emulsification.

3. What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) help the kidneys regulate?

• A. Acid-base balance
• B. Blood pressure
• C. Urine output by controlling water reabsorption
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps the kidneys regulate urine output by controlling water reabsorption. ADH acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of water, leading to a decrease in urine output. This helps the body conserve water and maintain proper fluid balance. ADH primarily affects urine output by controlling water reabsorption and does not directly regulate acid-base balance or blood pressure. Therefore, choices A and B are incorrect because ADH does not directly influence acid-base balance or blood pressure.

4. Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for regulating metabolism?

• A. Insulin
• B. Testosterone
• C. Adrenaline
• D. Thyroid hormone

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Thyroid hormone is the correct answer as it is primarily responsible for regulating metabolism. It plays a crucial role in controlling the body's metabolic rate, affecting how the body uses energy from food. Thyroid hormone levels can influence metabolism, energy production, and body weight regulation. Insulin, choice A, is involved in regulating blood sugar levels, not directly metabolism. Testosterone, choice B, is a sex hormone that primarily affects the development of male reproductive tissues. Adrenaline, choice C, is involved in the fight-or-flight response and not primarily responsible for regulating metabolism.

5. Which of the following correctly lists the four properties that all types of muscle tissue share?

• A. Contractile, excitable, elastic, extensible
• B. Contractile, voluntary, elastic, extensible
• C. Contractile, excitable, voluntary, extensible
• D. Contractile, excitable, elastic, voluntary

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Contractile, excitable, elastic, extensible.' All types of muscle tissue share these four properties. Muscle tissue can contract, respond to stimuli, stretch and return to its original shape (elastic), and extend or stretch (extensible). Choice B is incorrect because not all muscle tissues are voluntary (some are involuntary). Choice C is incorrect because not all muscle tissues are voluntary. Choice D is incorrect because not all muscle tissues are voluntary and lack the elastic property.

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