Nursing Elites

1. Not all cells in the pancreas secrete insulin because of the hormone somatostatin, which inhibits the release of insulin by all cells. What type of intercellular chemical signal does this illustrate?

• A. Autocrine
• B. Neuromodulator
• C. Paracrine
• D. Pheromone

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Paracrine. Somatostatin acts in a paracrine manner by inhibiting the release of insulin from nearby cells within the pancreas. Paracrine signaling involves the secretion of signals that act on neighboring cells, as seen in this scenario where somatostatin affects nearby pancreatic cells without entering the bloodstream or affecting distant cells. Autocrine signaling involves cells responding to substances they themselves release, which is not the case here. Neuromodulators are chemicals that modulate the activity of neurons, not directly related to this scenario. Pheromones are chemicals released into the environment to communicate with individuals of the same species, not relevant to the signaling within the pancreas.

2. What is the name for the flexible connection between bones at the wrist or ankle?

• A. Ligament
• B. Tendon
• C. Fascia
• D. Synovial joint

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ligament. Ligaments are tough bands of tissue that connect bones to other bones at joints, providing stability and support. In the case of the wrist or ankle, ligaments play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and allowing for proper movement of these joints. Tendons (option B) connect muscles to bones, not bones to bones. Fascia (option C) is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles and other structures, not connecting bones at joints. A synovial joint (option D) is a type of joint that allows for movement between bones, but it is not the flexible connection between bones at the wrist or ankle.

3. Which of the following is responsible for generating the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat?

• A. Aorta
• B. Pulmonary veins
• C. Coronary arteries
• D. Sinoatrial (SA) node

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The Sinoatrial (SA) node is responsible for generating the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat. It is often referred to as the heart's natural pacemaker because it initiates the electrical signals that coordinate the heart's contractions. The other options listed (Aorta, Pulmonary veins, Coronary arteries) do not play a direct role in generating the electrical impulses for the heartbeat. The Aorta is a large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, the Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart, and the Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle itself, but none of them are involved in generating the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat.

4. What breaks down into glucose to provide energy?

• A. Lipids
• B. Proteins
• C. Carbohydrates
• D. Nucleic acids

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose during digestion, providing energy for cellular processes through glycolysis and cellular respiration. Glucose is a primary source of energy for cells, and its breakdown is essential for powering various cellular activities. Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol, not glucose. Proteins are broken down into amino acids and are not a direct source of glucose. Nucleic acids are not broken down into glucose for energy production.

5. What is the significance of cell division?

• A. Growth and repair of tissues
• B. Sexual reproduction
• C. Genetic diversity
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cell division is a fundamental process that serves multiple critical functions in living organisms. It is essential for the growth and repair of tissues by enabling the formation of new cells to replace old or damaged ones. Moreover, cell division plays a pivotal role in sexual reproduction as it is involved in the production of gametes necessary for fertilization. Additionally, cell division contributes to genetic diversity through processes like meiosis, which leads to the formation of genetically distinct gametes. Therefore, the correct answer is D, 'All of the above,' as cell division is significant for growth, repair, sexual reproduction, and genetic diversity. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they each represent only one aspect of the significance of cell division, whereas the correct answer encompasses all the essential roles that cell division plays in living organisms.

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