Nursing Elites

1. Enzymes can _ reactions.

• A. Catalyze
• B. Inhibit
• C. Stop
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Enzymes function as catalysts that promote and accelerate chemical reactions in biological systems. They do this by lowering the activation energy required for the reactions to occur, thereby speeding up the process without being consumed in the reaction. Enzymes facilitate reactions rather than inhibiting or stopping them. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Catalyze.' 'Inhibit' and 'Stop' are incorrect because enzymes do not hinder or halt reactions but rather enhance them.

2. Epithelial cells are:

• A. Polarized
• B. Neutral
• C. Larger than other cells
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Epithelial cells have a distinct top (apical) and bottom (basal) side, demonstrating polarity. This polarity is essential for their specialized functions, such as secretion, absorption, and barrier formation. Choice B, 'Neutral,' is incorrect as epithelial cells exhibit polarity. Choice C, 'Larger than other cells,' is incorrect as epithelial cells come in various sizes and are not specifically larger than other cell types. Choice D, 'None of the above,' is incorrect as epithelial cells are indeed polarized.

3. How many phases are there in the process of mitosis?

• A. 2
• B. 3
• C. 4
• D. 5

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: '4'. Mitosis consists of four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. These phases are crucial in the orderly division of the cell's genetic material. Choice A is incorrect because mitosis is a more complex process involving multiple phases. Choice B is incorrect as it is one phase short of the total phases in mitosis. Choice D is incorrect as mitosis does not consist of five phases.

4. How should a researcher test the hypothesis that practicing yoga reduces blood pressure?

• A. Record the blood pressure of one male and one female participant before and after participating in a yoga class.
• B. Divide 30 female participants into two groups with similar average blood pressure; test each participant’s blood pressure after participating in a yoga class.
• C. Divide 30 female participants into two groups with similar average blood pressure; have one group watch television for an hour while the other takes a yoga class, record each participant’s blood pressure after the hour. Repeat daily for two weeks.
• D. Start with 15 men and 15 women; have the men watch television for an hour while the women take a yoga class, record each participant’s blood pressure after the hour. Reverse, having the men take a yoga class while the women watch television.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Option B is the most appropriate way to test the hypothesis that practicing yoga reduces blood pressure. By dividing 30 female participants into two groups with similar average blood pressure levels and testing each participant's blood pressure after participating in a yoga class, the researcher can effectively evaluate the impact of yoga on blood pressure. This design allows for a comparison between the two groups, helping to isolate the effects of yoga practice on blood pressure. Option A only involves one male and one female participant, which may not provide a representative sample. Option C introduces an additional variable of watching television, which could confound the results. Option D lacks consistency in the experimental design by switching the activities between men and women, making it difficult to attribute any observed changes solely to yoga practice.

5. The phases of mitosis include:

• A. Prophase, interphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
• B. Prophase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and cytokinesis
• C. Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
• D. Prophase, interphase, prophase, anaphase, and telophase

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct phases of mitosis are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Prophase is the first phase where chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle forms. Prometaphase follows prophase, involving the full disintegration of the nuclear envelope and the attachment of spindle fibers to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. Metaphase is where chromosomes align along the metaphase plate. Anaphase is the phase where sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles. Telophase marks the final stage of mitosis, involving the decondensation of chromosomes and the reformation of the nuclear envelope. Choice A is incorrect because it includes interphase, which is not a phase of mitosis. Choice B is incorrect as it repeats prophase, which is the initial phase. Choice D is incorrect because it includes interphase and repeats prophase.

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