Nursing Elites

1. During exercise, heart rate increases to deliver more oxygen to the body's tissues. What other cardiovascular response also increases?

• A. Blood pressure decreases
• B. Blood vessel diameter narrows
• C. Blood flow to muscles increases
• D. Blood viscosity thickens

Correct answer: C

Rationale: During exercise, the cardiovascular response includes an increase in blood flow to the muscles to deliver more oxygen and nutrients needed for energy production. This helps to support the increased demand for oxygen and nutrients by the working muscles. Blood pressure typically increases during exercise to help facilitate this increased blood flow to the muscles. Additionally, blood vessel diameter may widen (vasodilation) to allow for more blood flow, rather than narrow. Blood viscosity does not typically thicken during exercise.

2. What is the scientific unit used to measure the radioactivity of a substance?

• A. Becquerel (Bq)
• B. Joule (J)
• C. Newton (N)
• D. Kelvin (K)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Becquerel (Bq). The Becquerel (Bq) is the scientific unit used to measure the radioactivity of a substance. It is named after Henri Becquerel, who discovered radioactivity. The Joule (J) is the unit of energy, Newton (N) is the unit of force, and Kelvin (K) is the unit of temperature. When measuring radioactivity, the Becquerel is used to quantify the rate of radioactive decay in a substance. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they represent units for energy, force, and temperature, respectively, not radioactivity.

3. Which vitamin is essential for calcium absorption and bone health?

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Vitamin C
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin E

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption in the intestines, which is crucial for maintaining strong and healthy bones. Without adequate vitamin D, the body cannot effectively absorb calcium, leading to weakened bones and an increased risk of fractures. Vitamin A (Choice A) is important for vision and immune function but is not directly involved in calcium absorption or bone health. Vitamin C (Choice B) is essential for collagen synthesis and immune function, but it does not play a direct role in calcium absorption or bone health. Vitamin E (Choice D) acts as an antioxidant and helps protect cells from damage, but it is not specifically required for calcium absorption or bone health. Therefore, the correct answer is Vitamin D as it is crucial for optimal bone health.

4. Which of the following processes describes the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid during glycolysis?

• A. Glycogenesis
• B. Glycolysis
• C. Glycogenolysis
• D. Gluconeogenesis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glycolysis. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway where glucose is broken down to produce pyruvic acid and ATP, generating energy in the form of ATP. Glycogenesis (choice A) is the process of glycogen synthesis, Glycogenolysis (choice C) is the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose, and Gluconeogenesis (choice D) is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Therefore, during glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvic acid, which is a crucial step in energy production.

5. Which of the following is a condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath?

• A. Pneumonia
• B. Tuberculosis
• C. Asthma
• D. Emphysema

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Pneumonia, caused by an infection in the lungs, presents with symptoms like fever, chills, and cough with sputum. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, leading to symptoms such as persistent cough, chest pain, and weight loss. Emphysema, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is characterized by the destruction of the air sacs in the lungs, causing symptoms like shortness of breath and chronic cough. Therefore, among the options provided, asthma best fits the description of a condition with airway inflammation and narrowing.

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