Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is the outermost layer of the skin, providing protection against pathogens and the environment?

• A. Dermis
• B. Epidermis
• C. Hypodermis
• D. Stratum corneum (part of the epidermis)

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The epidermis is the correct answer as it is the outermost layer of the skin, providing protection against pathogens and the environment. It consists of multiple layers, including the stratum corneum, which is the outermost layer of the epidermis. The dermis is located beneath the epidermis, offering structural support and housing blood vessels, nerves, and glands. The hypodermis is the deepest layer of the skin, made up of fat and connective tissue that secures the skin to underlying structures. Choice A, Dermis, is incorrect as it is located beneath the epidermis. Choice C, Hypodermis, is incorrect as it is the deepest layer of the skin, not the outermost. Choice D, Stratum corneum (part of the epidermis), is not the correct answer as it is a specific layer within the epidermis and not the overall outermost layer of the skin.

2. How does an increase in surface area affect the force of friction between two surfaces?

• A. Increases friction
• B. Decreases friction
• C. Has no effect on friction
• D. Causes unpredictable changes in friction

Correct answer: A

Rationale: An increase in surface area typically increases the force of friction between two surfaces. This is because with a larger surface area in contact, there are more points of contact between the surfaces, leading to a greater frictional force resisting motion. As a result, the correct answer is that an increase in surface area increases the force of friction between two surfaces. Choice B is incorrect because a greater surface area increases the frictional force. Choice C is incorrect because an increase in surface area results in more contact points and greater friction. Choice D is incorrect as the relationship between surface area and friction is predictable - an increase in surface area generally leads to an increase in frictional force.

3. In which medium does light propagate at its highest speed?

• A. Air
• B. Water
• C. Glass
• D. Diamond

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Light travels at its highest speed in a vacuum. However, among the options provided, air is the closest medium to a vacuum, making it the correct answer. In general, light travels slower in denser mediums due to interactions with atoms and molecules in the medium. Water, glass, and diamond are denser mediums compared to air, causing light to propagate at slower speeds in these materials, hence making them incorrect choices.

4. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of:

• A. Convergent evolution
• B. Divergent evolution
• C. Microevolution
• D. Macroevolution

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a classic example of microevolution (option C). Microevolution refers to changes in allele frequencies within a population over a relatively short period of time. In the case of antibiotic resistance, bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics through the natural selection of pre-existing resistant strains. This process does not involve the formation of new species or higher taxonomic groups, which are associated with macroevolution (option D). Convergent evolution (option A) involves different species independently evolving similar traits in response to similar environmental pressures, which is not the case with antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Divergent evolution (option B) refers to related species becoming more dissimilar over time, which also does not apply to the scenario of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5. Which of the following functional groups is present in carboxylic acids?

• A. Carbonyl
• B. Hydroxyl
• C. Carboxyl
• D. Aldehyde

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl functional group, which consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the same carbon atom. The carboxyl group is represented as -COOH in the molecular structure of carboxylic acids. Therefore, the correct functional group present in carboxylic acids is the carboxyl group, making option C the correct choice. Option A, 'Carbonyl,' is incorrect as it only refers to the C=O group without the -OH component present in carboxylic acids. Option B, 'Hydroxyl,' is incorrect as it only represents the -OH group without the carbonyl group. Option D, 'Aldehyde,' is incorrect as it refers to a different functional group with a carbonyl group attached to a hydrogen atom, not the carboxyl group found in carboxylic acids.

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