Nursing Elites

1. Antibodies, crucial for immune defense, are produced by:

• A. Neutrophils
• B. Lymphocytes
• C. Monocytes
• D. Basophils

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Antibodies are produced by a specific type of lymphocyte known as B cells. B cells are a critical component of the adaptive immune system and are responsible for producing antibodies in response to pathogens. Neutrophils, monocytes, and basophils are types of white blood cells that are part of the innate immune response and do not have the function of producing antibodies. Neutrophils are primarily involved in phagocytosis, monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells for antigen presentation, while basophils are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

2. Which of the following substances is NOT typically found in healthy urine?

• A. Urea
• B. Glucose
• C. Creatinine
• D. Electrolytes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Glucose is not typically found in healthy urine because the kidneys usually filter glucose from the blood and reabsorb it back into the bloodstream. The presence of glucose in urine, known as glucosuria, is usually indicative of diabetes or other medical conditions affecting glucose regulation. On the other hand, urea, creatinine, and electrolytes are commonly present in healthy urine as byproducts of metabolism and electrolyte balance. Urea is a waste product of protein metabolism, creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism, and electrolytes are essential for various physiological functions in the body. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are typically found in healthy urine, making them incorrect answers.

3. Which property of a wave determines its energy?

• A. Wavelength
• B. Amplitude
• C. Frequency
• D. Velocity

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The energy of a wave is determined by its amplitude, which is the measure of its maximum displacement from the equilibrium position. Waves with higher amplitudes carry more energy as energy is directly proportional to amplitude. Therefore, the correct answer is B) Amplitude. Choice A (Wavelength) does not determine the energy of a wave; it is related to the spatial length between wave crests. Choice C (Frequency) is not the property that determines a wave's energy; it refers to the number of complete oscillations a wave undergoes in a given time. Choice D (Velocity) is the speed at which a wave propagates through a medium and is not directly related to its energy.

4. What cells compose the epidermis?

• A. Keratinocytes
• B. Epithelial cells
• C. Fibroblasts
• D. Melanocytes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A - Keratinocytes. The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes, which are a type of epithelial cell. Keratinocytes synthesize the protein keratin, providing protection against physical damage and water loss. While epithelial cells are correct, specifying keratinocytes is more precise. Fibroblasts are not the main cell type in the epidermis; they are found in the dermis, where they produce collagen and other extracellular matrix components. Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin pigment in the skin and are also present in the epidermis, but they are not the predominant cell type like keratinocytes.

5. Which term refers to the relaxation of the heart muscle?

• A. Diastole
• B. Systole
• C. Asystole
• D. Cardiastole

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Diastole. Diastole is the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes, allowing the chambers to fill with blood. Systole, on the other hand, refers to the contraction phase of the heart when it pumps blood out. Asystole is the absence of heart contractions, often referred to as cardiac arrest. Cardiastole is not a recognized medical term in relation to heart muscle relaxation, making it an incorrect choice.

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