Nursing Elites

1. After exposure to a pathogen, the immune system develops memory. What type of immune cell is responsible for this immunological memory?

• A. B cells
• B. T cells (specifically memory T cells)
• C. Phagocytes
• D. Natural killer cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: B cells are responsible for immunological memory. Memory B cells, a type of B cells, retain a 'memory' of specific pathogens, enabling them to rapidly produce antibodies upon re-exposure. This rapid antibody production facilitates a quicker and more effective immune response. Although memory T cells also contribute to immunological memory by mounting a swift and robust immune response upon re-exposure to the pathogen, it is primarily memory B cells that play a crucial role in producing antibodies. Phagocytes are important immune cells involved in engulfing and digesting pathogens, while natural killer cells are primarily responsible for recognizing and eliminating abnormal cells, such as virus-infected cells or tumor cells. However, when it comes to immunological memory and antibody production, B cells are key players.

2. Which of the following is an example of a weak acid?

• A. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• B. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
• C. Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
• D. Nitric acid (HNO3)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Acetic acid (CH3COOH) because it is a weak acid that only partially dissociates in water, resulting in a lower concentration of H+ ions compared to strong acids like hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and nitric acid (HNO3) which completely dissociate in water. Weak acids do not fully ionize in water, leading to a lower concentration of H+ ions in solution. Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid are strong acids that completely dissociate in water, producing a higher concentration of H+ ions. Therefore, they are not examples of weak acids.

3. What is the process of cell division in somatic (most body) cells called?

• A. Mitosis
• B. Meiosis
• C. Respiration
• D. Cytogenesis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mitosis is the correct answer. It is the process of cell division in somatic cells, leading to the formation of two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis, on the other hand, is the type of cell division that occurs in sex cells, leading to the formation of gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Respiration is a completely different biological process related to energy production, and cytogenesis is not a recognized term for cell division.

4. The hypodermis is primarily composed of which tissue?

• A. Adipose
• B. Connective
• C. Epithelial
• D. Muscle

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous layer, is primarily composed of adipose (fat) tissue. Adipose tissue in the hypodermis serves as an insulator, energy reserve, and cushioning for the body. Choice B, Connective tissue, is a broad category that includes various types of tissue like adipose, but the hypodermis is specifically rich in adipose tissue. Choice C, Epithelial tissue, is not the primary component of the hypodermis; it is mainly found covering body surfaces and lining cavities. Choice D, Muscle tissue, is not a major component of the hypodermis; muscle tissue is mainly located deeper in the body and serves in movement and support functions.

5. What is the process of breaking down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol called?

• A. Lipolysis
• B. Gluconeogenesis
• C. Krebs cycle
• D. Oxidative phosphorylation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: - Lipolysis is indeed the correct answer. It is the process of breaking down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol. This process occurs in adipose tissue and is important for releasing stored energy in the form of fatty acids. - Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and glycerol, not breaking down lipids. - The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. - Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced through the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain. It is not specifically related to the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

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