according to the clausius inequality for a cyclic process involving heat transfer between a system and its surroundings at a single constant temperatu

HESI A2

HESI A2 Physics Quizlet

1. According to the Clausius inequality, for a cyclic process involving heat transfer between a system and its surroundings at a single constant temperature (T), the following inequality must hold true:

A. There is no relationship between heat transfer and temperature in a cyclic process.
B. ∫ dQ/T ≥ 0
C. ∫ Q/T = constant
D. ∫ dQ/T ≤ 0

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The Clausius inequality states that for a cyclic process involving heat transfer at a single constant temperature, the integral of heat transfer divided by temperature (∫ dQ/T) must be less than or equal to zero. This inequality reflects the irreversibility of natural processes. Choice A is incorrect as there is a direct relationship between heat transfer and temperature in the Clausius inequality. Choice B is incorrect because the integral of dQ/T must be less than or equal to zero, not greater than or equal to zero. Choice C is incorrect because the integral of Q/T is not a constant in a cyclic process involving heat transfer at a single constant temperature.

2. Which characteristic does a transverse wave not have?

A. a compression
B. an amplitude
C. a frequency
D. a wavelength

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A transverse wave does not have a compression because transverse waves move perpendicular to the direction of the oscillation. In a transverse wave, the particles move up and down, causing crests and troughs, without creating compressions. Compressions are characteristic of longitudinal waves where the particles move parallel to the direction of the wave. The other choices (B, C, and D) are characteristics that transverse waves possess: amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position, frequency is the number of complete oscillations a wave makes in a given time, and wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points in a wave that are in the same phase.

3. Which of these objects has the greatest momentum?

A. A 1,250-kg car moving at 5 m/s
B. An 80-kg person running at 4 m/s
C. A 10-kg piece of meteorite moving at 600 m/s
D. A o.5-kg rock moving at 40 m/s

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. The car has the highest momentum because it has the largest mass and a significant velocity.

4. Surface tension, γ, is a property of fluids arising from:

A. Intermolecular forces between fluid molecules
B. Gravitational attraction
C. Viscous dissipation
D. Pressure differentials within the fluid

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Surface tension, represented by symbol γ, is caused by the cohesive forces between molecules in a liquid. These intermolecular forces, such as Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and dipole-dipole interactions, create a 'skin' at the surface of the liquid, giving rise to the property of surface tension. Gravitational attraction, viscous dissipation, and pressure differentials within the fluid do not directly contribute to surface tension. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

5. For steady, incompressible flow through a pipe, the mass flow rate (ṁ) is related to the fluid density (ρ), cross-sectional area (A), and average velocity (v) via the continuity equation:

A. ṁ cannot be determined without additional information
B. ṁ = ρvA
C. Bernoulli's principle is solely applicable here
D. The equation of state for the specific fluid is required

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The continuity equation for steady, incompressible flow states that the mass flow rate is the product of the fluid's density, velocity, and cross-sectional area. Hence, ṁ = ρvA. Choice A is incorrect because the mass flow rate can be determined using the given formula. Choice C is incorrect as Bernoulli's principle does not directly relate to the mass flow rate calculation. Choice D is incorrect as the equation of state is not needed to calculate the mass flow rate in this scenario.