Nursing Elites

1. According to Newton's third law of motion, for every action, there is an equal and opposite _________.

• A. Reaction
• B. Force
• C. Acceleration
• D. Momentum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Newton's third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This law emphasizes that forces always exist in pairs. When one object exerts a force on a second object (action), the second object exerts an equal force in the opposite direction back on the first object (reaction). This principle is crucial in understanding the interactions between objects and the resulting motion observed in the physical world. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because while force is involved, the specific concept highlighted by Newton's third law is the equal and opposite reaction. Acceleration and momentum are also related to motion but are not directly tied to Newton's third law of motion, which focuses on the equality and oppositeness of forces in interactions.

2. In the human skeleton, which of the following lists some of the vertebrae in descending order?

• A. Atlas, axis, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx.
• B. Axis, sacral, coccyx, atlas, lumbar, thoracic.
• C. Thoracic, sacral, lumbar, axis, coccyx, atlas.
• D. Coccyx, lumbar, axis, sacral, thoracic, atlas.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct order of some of the vertebrae in the human skeleton in descending order is Atlas, Axis, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx. This sequence follows the typical arrangement from the top of the spine down towards the pelvis. Choice B is incorrect as it does not follow the descending order of vertebrae. Choice C is incorrect as it starts with Thoracic which is not the first vertebra in the descending order. Choice D is incorrect as it starts with Coccyx which is the last vertebra in the descending order.

3. When water boils, it changes from a liquid to a gas. This is an example of a:

• A. Chemical reaction
• B. Physical change
• C. Nuclear reaction
• D. Biological process

Correct answer: B

Rationale: This is a physical change because boiling water involves a change in state from liquid to gas without altering the chemical composition of the water molecules. In a chemical reaction, new substances are formed by breaking and forming chemical bonds, which is not the case during boiling. A nuclear reaction involves changes in atomic nuclei, which are not occurring during boiling. A biological process refers to activities related to living organisms, which is not applicable to the change from liquid to gas in boiling water.

4. Which of the following is a cluster of capillaries that functions as the main filter of the blood entering the kidney?

• A. The Bowman's capsule
• B. The Loop of Henle
• C. The glomerulus
• D. The nephron

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a cluster of capillaries in the kidney responsible for filtering blood as it enters the nephron. It plays a crucial role in the initial stages of urine formation by filtering waste products and excess substances from the blood. Choice A, the Bowman's capsule, is incorrect as it surrounds the glomerulus and captures the filtrate. Choice B, the Loop of Henle, is incorrect as it is part of the nephron responsible for water reabsorption. Choice D, the nephron, is incorrect as it comprises the functional unit of the kidney and includes the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and other structures.

5. Which of the following structures is responsible for preventing the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium?

• A. Aortic valve
• B. Pulmonary valve
• C. Tricuspid valve
• D. Mitral valve

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, the Mitral valve. The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, is situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Its primary function is to prevent the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular contraction. The other choices are incorrect because: A) The aortic valve prevents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle. B) The pulmonary valve prevents backflow from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle. C) The tricuspid valve prevents backflow from the right ventricle into the right atrium.

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