Nursing Elites

1. Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

• A. Hinge joint
• B. Ball-and-socket joint
• C. Pivot joint
• D. Saddle joint

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ball-and-socket joint. The ball-and-socket joint, like the shoulder joint, allows for the greatest range of motion due to its structure, enabling movement in multiple directions. In contrast, hinge joints, pivot joints, and saddle joints have more restricted ranges of motion compared to ball-and-socket joints. Hinge joints primarily allow movement in one plane, pivot joints allow rotation around a central axis, and saddle joints have limited movement compared to ball-and-socket joints.

2. Which lifestyle practice can weaken the immune system?

• A. Getting enough sleep
• B. Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables
• C. Managing stress levels
• D. Frequent smoking

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Frequent smoking can weaken the immune system by damaging immune cells and impairing their function. Smoking increases the risk of respiratory infections and other illnesses, negatively impacting immune health. Therefore, frequent smoking is a lifestyle practice that can weaken the immune system. Choices A, B, and C are all beneficial practices that support a healthy immune system. Getting enough sleep, eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, and managing stress levels are important for maintaining optimal immune function and overall well-being.

3. What is the fundamental unit of the nervous system?

• A. Neuron
• B. Nerve
• C. Ganglion
• D. Neuroglia

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Neuron. Neurons are the fundamental building blocks of the nervous system. These specialized cells play a crucial role in transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals. While nerves are comprised of bundles of neurons and ganglia consist of clusters of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system, neuroglia serve as support cells for neurons. Neurons are specifically responsible for processing and transmitting information within the nervous system, making them the essential unit of this complex system. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as nerves are bundles of neurons, ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system, and neuroglia are support cells for neurons, not the fundamental units responsible for information processing and transmission.

4. Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates like starches and sugars in the mouth?

• A. Pepsin
• B. Lipase
• C. Amylase
• D. Trypsin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Amylase. Amylase is the enzyme responsible for breaking down carbohydrates like starches and sugars in the mouth. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach, lipase breaks down fats, and trypsin is another enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect for this question.

5. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans utilize a key property of positrons for medical imaging. What is this property?

• A. High mass
• B. Positive charge
• C. Extreme stability
• D. Identical behavior to electrons

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Positron emission tomography (PET) scans utilize the property of positrons having a positive charge. Positrons are the antimatter counterpart of electrons, having the same mass but opposite charge. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other, producing gamma rays that can be detected by the PET scanner to create images of the body's internal structures and functions. Choice A is incorrect because positrons have the same mass as electrons. Choice C is incorrect as positrons are not extremely stable due to their tendency to annihilate when they encounter electrons. Choice D is incorrect as positrons exhibit different behavior than electrons due to their opposite charges.

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