Nursing Elites

1. Which organelle is responsible for organizing protein synthesis?

• A. Nucleus
• B. Ribosome
• C. Lysosome
• D. Vacuole

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ribosome. Ribosomes are responsible for organizing protein synthesis by assembling amino acids. They are the cellular machinery where proteins are synthesized. The other choices, such as the nucleus, lysosome, and vacuole, do not directly participate in protein synthesis. The nucleus contains DNA and controls cell activities, the lysosome is involved in digestion and waste removal, and the vacuole is responsible for storage and maintaining cell turgor pressure.

2. The difference between diploid and haploid is as follows:

• A. Diploid organisms are multicellular
• B. Diploid cells are somatic
• C. Diploid cells have two sets of homologous chromosomes
• D. More than one of the above is true

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Option B correctly states that diploid cells are somatic cells that make up the body tissues and organs in an organism, while haploid cells are gametes involved in sexual reproduction. Option C accurately differentiates diploid and haploid cells based on their chromosome sets – diploid cells have two sets of homologous chromosomes (one from each parent), whereas haploid cells have one set of unpaired chromosomes. Therefore, the correct choice is D, as both statements in options B and C are accurate descriptions of the differences between diploid and haploid cells. Option A is incorrect because diploid and haploid refer to the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell, not whether the organism is multicellular or not.

3. Phenotype refers to the _ of an individual.

• A. Genetic makeup
• B. Actual physical appearance
• C. Recessive alleles
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Phenotype refers to the actual physical appearance and characteristics of an individual, which are determined by the interaction of both genetic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors. It includes visible traits such as height, eye color, and hair type. Choice A, genetic makeup, refers to the genotype, which is the genetic constitution of an organism. Choice C, recessive alleles, is a specific type of gene variant and does not encompass the entire concept of phenotype. Choice D, none of the above, is incorrect as phenotype does refer to the actual physical appearance of an individual.

4. The two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production are:

• A. fermentation and protein synthesis
• B. cellular respiration and glycolysis
• C. fermentation and glycolysis
• D. cellular respiration and fermentation

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: cellular respiration and fermentation. Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP, which is the primary source of energy for cells. Fermentation, on the other hand, occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces ATP through glycolysis followed by specific fermentation pathways. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Protein synthesis is a biosynthetic process, not a catabolic pathway for energy production. Glycolysis is a common step in both cellular respiration and fermentation, so it is not a pair of distinct catabolic pathways. Therefore, the most accurate pairing of catabolic pathways for cellular energy production is cellular respiration and fermentation.

5. What type of transport moves substances across the cell membrane using energy?

• A. Passive Transport
• B. Active Transport
• C. Facilitated Diffusion
• D. Osmosis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Active Transport. Active transport moves substances across the cell membrane by utilizing energy from the cell, typically in the form of ATP. This process allows the cell to move molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy expenditure. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because passive transport does not require energy input, facilitated diffusion involves the assistance of proteins but does not directly use energy, and osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules specifically, not substances, across a selectively permeable membrane.

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