Nursing Elites

1. Which structure do cells rely on for movement?

• A. Flagellum
• B. Microtubule
• C. Pili
• D. Vesicle

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Flagellum. Cells rely on flagella for movement, which are whip-like structures that propel the cell forward through their whipping motion. Flagella provide motility to single-celled organisms and certain cells in multicellular organisms. Microtubules, on the other hand, provide structural support to the cell and play a role in intracellular transport. Pili are short, hair-like structures used for attachment to surfaces or other cells, not for movement. Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs involved in intracellular transport, aiding in the movement of substances within the cell, but not in the movement of the cell itself.

2. The adaptive immune system develops a targeted response to specific pathogens. What type of immune cell is responsible for producing antibodies?

• A. Natural killer cells
• B. Phagocytes
• C. Helper T cells
• D. B cells

Correct answer: D

Rationale: B cells are responsible for producing antibodies as part of the adaptive immune response. When activated by a specific antigen, B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies to target and neutralize pathogens. Natural killer cells are primarily involved in killing infected or cancerous cells, phagocytes engulf pathogens, and helper T cells assist in activating other immune cells. Therefore, the correct answer is B cells because they play a crucial role in antibody production, a key component of the adaptive immune response.

3. What is the involuntary muscle tissue found in the walls of blood vessels and organs like the stomach and intestines?

• A. Skeletal muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Smooth muscle
• D. Striated muscle

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Smooth muscle is the correct answer. It is the involuntary muscle tissue found in the walls of blood vessels and organs like the stomach and intestines. Smooth muscle is responsible for various involuntary movements in the body, such as peristalsis in the digestive system and regulating blood flow in blood vessels. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones for movement. Cardiac muscle is specific to the heart and not found in blood vessel walls or organs like the stomach and intestines. Striated muscle refers to both skeletal and cardiac muscle due to their striped appearance under a microscope, but it does not specifically describe the involuntary muscle tissue in the walls of blood vessels and organs as asked in the question.

4. What are the components of the male external genitalia and their functions?

• A. Prostate gland: produces seminal fluid
• B. Scrotum: protects and maintains the temperature of the testes
• C. Penis: delivers sperm to female reproductive tract
• D. Urethra: conducts urine out of the body

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. The penis is responsible for delivering sperm to the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse. The scrotum is not involved in producing sperm but rather protects and regulates the temperature of the testes, which is essential for sperm production. The prostate gland is involved in producing seminal fluid, not sperm. The urethra serves the purpose of conducting urine out of the body and also acts as a passage for semen during ejaculation.

5. Where is fat primarily digested, and where is protein primarily digested?

• A. Mouth; stomach
• B. Stomach; small intestine
• C. Small intestine; small intestine
• D. Small intestine; stomach

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Fats are primarily digested in the small intestine, where bile from the liver emulsifies fats for enzymatic digestion. The small intestine is where most of the absorption of nutrients occurs. Proteins, on the other hand, are mainly digested in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin under acidic conditions. The stomach's acidic environment helps denature proteins, making them more accessible to pepsin for digestion. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the primary sites of fat and protein digestion in the human digestive system.

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