Nursing Elites

1. Which respiratory structure is responsible for the production of mucus to trap particles and for the movement of cilia to sweep mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract?

• A. Trachea
• B. Larynx
• C. Bronchi
• D. Respiratory epithelium

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The respiratory epithelium is the correct answer because it is the tissue lining the respiratory tract responsible for producing mucus to trap particles and containing cilia that sweep the mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract. The trachea, larynx, and bronchi are all structures within the respiratory system but do not specifically carry out the functions described in the question. The trachea is a passage for air, the larynx is involved in sound production and protecting the airway, and the bronchi are airway passages that branch from the trachea to the lungs. Only the respiratory epithelium fits the description of producing mucus and utilizing cilia for particle removal in the respiratory tract.

2. What type of reaction is represented by the following equation: Fe2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g) -> 2Fe (s) + 3H2O (g)?

• A. Combustion
• B. Decomposition
• C. Single displacement
• D. Redox reaction

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Single displacement. This reaction is a single displacement reaction because the iron (Fe) in Fe2O3 is displaced by the hydrogen (H) in H2 to form Fe and H2O. In single displacement reactions, one element replaces another in a compound. Choice A, Combustion, involves a reaction with oxygen typically producing heat, light, and often a flame. Choice B, Decomposition, is when a compound breaks down into simpler substances. Choice D, Redox reaction, involves both reduction and oxidation reactions happening simultaneously, which is not the case in the provided equation.

3. Which of the following terms means close to the trunk of the body?

• A. Superficial
• B. Sagittal
• C. Proximal
• D. Distal

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The term 'proximal' means situated close to the point of attachment or the center of the body, such as close to the trunk. In anatomical terms, proximal is used to describe locations that are closer to the body's center or point of reference. 'Superficial' refers to something situated near the surface, 'sagittal' refers to a plane that divides the body into left and right portions, and 'distal' refers to a position away from the center or point of reference. Therefore, 'proximal' is the correct term to indicate a position close to the trunk of the body.

4. What is the main function of the pancreas?

• A. To store food and break it down into smaller pieces
• B. To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
• C. To produce enzymes that help digest food
• D. To regulate blood sugar levels

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The main function of the pancreas is to produce digestive enzymes that aid in breaking down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in food. These enzymes are essential for the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. While the pancreas also plays a role in regulating blood sugar levels by producing insulin and glucagon, its primary function is to produce enzymes for food digestion. Options A and B are incorrect as the pancreas is not involved in storing food or absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream.

5. Which organelle is responsible for the final stages of protein modification and packaging for secretion in animal cells?

• A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
• B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
• C. Ribosomes
• D. Golgi apparatus

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the final stages of protein modification and packaging for secretion in animal cells. After proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), they are transported to the Golgi apparatus for further processing, sorting, and packaging before being sent to their final destination within or outside the cell. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is mainly involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification processes, not protein modification. Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis, not the final stages of protein modification and packaging for secretion, which is the role of the Golgi apparatus.

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