Nursing Elites

1. Which chamber of the heart is the strongest and largest?

• A. Left atrium
• B. Right atrium
• C. Right ventricle
• D. Left ventricle

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The left ventricle is the largest and most powerful chamber of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it out to the body through the aorta, providing the body's tissues with vital oxygen and nutrients. The left atrium primarily acts as a receiving chamber for oxygenated blood from the lungs. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, while the right ventricle pumps this blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Therefore, the correct answer is the left ventricle, as it is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body.

2. Which type of muscles are involved in peristalsis?

• A. Smooth muscles
• B. Cardiac muscles
• C. Skeletal muscles
• D. Epaxial muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Peristalsis is a coordinated, wave-like muscular contraction that propels food and other materials through the digestive tract. Smooth muscles are responsible for this movement in the gastrointestinal tract, providing the involuntary contractions needed for peristalsis to occur. Skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and epaxial muscles are not directly involved in peristalsis. Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and are responsible for its contraction. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and control voluntary movements. Epaxial muscles are located along the vertebral column and are involved in the movement and stabilization of the spine.

3. Which of the following epithelial types is correctly matched with its major function?

• A. Simple squamous epithelium – diffusion
• B. Stratified squamous epithelium – protection
• C. Stratified squamous epithelium – diffusion
• D. Simple columnar epithelium – secretion or absorption

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Simple columnar epithelium is indeed primarily responsible for secretion and absorption due to its tall shape and presence of microvilli, which increase surface area for these functions. Simple squamous epithelium is mainly involved in diffusion, allowing for the exchange of gases or nutrients. Stratified squamous epithelium functions more for protection against mechanical stress and pathogens, as it forms a tough, protective barrier due to its many layers.

4. Which type of blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart?

• A. Arteries
• B. Capillaries
• C. Veins
• D. Lymphatic vessels

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Veins are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the body's tissues back to the heart. Deoxygenated blood is transported from the body to the heart through veins, while arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Capillaries facilitate the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissues. Lymphatic vessels are responsible for returning excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream and do not primarily carry deoxygenated blood.

5. Which organelle in the cell contains the genetic material?

• A. Ribosome
• B. Nucleus
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Endoplasmic reticulum

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Nucleus. The nucleus is the organelle in the cell that contains the genetic material (DNA). DNA within the nucleus determines the cell's functions and characteristics, making it essential for cell function and replication. Choice A, Ribosome, is responsible for protein synthesis, not genetic material storage. Choice C, Mitochondria, produces energy but does not contain the genetic material. Choice D, Endoplasmic reticulum, is involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism but does not house the genetic material.

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