which gland produces hormones that regulate sleep

HESI A2

HESI A2 Practice Test Anatomy and Physiology

1. Which gland produces hormones that regulate sleep?

A. Thyroid gland
B. Pineal gland
C. Adrenal gland
D. Pituitary gland

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The pineal gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin production is influenced by exposure to light, with levels increasing in the evening to promote sleep and decreasing in the morning to signal wakefulness. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the thyroid gland primarily regulates metabolism, the adrenal gland produces hormones like adrenaline and cortisol related to stress response, and the pituitary gland controls various functions by releasing different hormones but not specifically related to regulating sleep.

2. Write the date 2007 in Roman numerals.

A. MMVII
B. MDVII
C. MMDII
D. MMXD

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In Roman numerals, the date 2007 is correctly represented as MMVII. The Roman numeral M stands for 1000, and when repeated twice (MM), it represents 2000. The Roman numeral V represents 5, and when followed by II (two ones), it correctly represents 2007. Choice B (MDVII) is incorrect because D represents 500, and 2007 is greater than that. Choice C (MMDII) is incorrect because D represents 500, and there are two of them, making it 1000, not 2000. Choice D (MMXD) is incorrect as XD is an invalid Roman numeral combination.

3. It is required that he _____ payment immediately.

A. make
B. sends
C. sent
D. deliver

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'make.' In this context, 'make' is the correct verb to use with 'payment.' The sentence structure requires a base form of the verb after 'required that.' Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as 'sends,' 'sent,' and 'deliver' do not match the structure needed in this sentence.

4. What is the name of the structure that prevents food from entering the airway?

A. trachea
B. esophagus
C. diaphragm
D. epiglottis

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The epiglottis is the structure that prevents food from entering the airway. It acts as a lid over the trachea during swallowing, directing food to the esophagus instead of the windpipe (trachea). The trachea (Choice A) is the windpipe that allows air to pass into the lungs, the esophagus (Choice B) is the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach, and the diaphragm (Choice C) is a muscle involved in breathing and not in preventing food passage.

5. In a strand of DNA, you would expect to see adenine paired with ___________.

A. cytosine
B. uracil
C. thymine
D. guanine

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In a strand of DNA, adenine always pairs with thymine through two hydrogen bonds. This pairing is a fundamental aspect of DNA structure, where adenine and thymine complement each other in the double helix. Choice A (cytosine) is incorrect because adenine does not pair with cytosine in DNA. Choice B (uracil) is incorrect as uracil is found in RNA, not DNA. Choice D (guanine) is incorrect as guanine pairs with cytosine, not adenine, in DNA.