Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following structures regulates the transport of substances in and out of a cell?

• A. Nucleus
• B. Cell membrane
• C. Cytoplasm
• D. Mitochondria

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is responsible for regulating the transport of substances in and out of the cell. It acts as a selective barrier, allowing the passage of certain molecules while restricting others. This selective permeability helps maintain homeostasis within the cell by controlling the movement of essential substances like nutrients and waste products. The nucleus (Choice A) is the organelle that houses the cell's genetic material and is not directly involved in regulating substance transport. Cytoplasm (Choice C) is the gel-like substance that fills the cell and does not play a direct role in regulating substance transport. Mitochondria (Choice D) are responsible for energy production in the cell through cellular respiration and are not primarily involved in substance transport.

2. The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the middle region of the humerus. What area is he describing?

• A. Epiphysis
• B. Articular cartilage
• C. Perichondrium
• D. Diaphysis

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The diaphysis is the correct answer in this scenario. It refers to the middle or shaft region of a long bone like the humerus. The epiphysis is the end of a long bone, while articular cartilage is the smooth tissue covering the ends of bones at a joint. The perichondrium is the dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage.

3. How many different types of tissues are there in the human body?

• A. four
• B. six
• C. eight
• D. ten

Correct answer: A

Rationale: There are four major types of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, connective tissue supports and binds other tissues together, muscle tissue enables movement, and nervous tissue allows for communication between different parts of the body. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the human body has four main types of tissues, not six, eight, or ten.

4. Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of calcium levels in the blood?

• A. Insulin
• B. Parathyroid hormone
• C. Cortisol
• D. Melatonin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Parathyroid hormone, produced by the parathyroid glands, is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood. It achieves this by increasing calcium absorption in the intestines and kidneys, thus maintaining appropriate calcium levels in the bloodstream. Insulin is involved in glucose metabolism, not calcium regulation. Cortisol is a stress hormone that affects various body functions but not calcium levels. Melatonin is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle, not calcium levels.

5. Which might be a result of stenosis, or narrowing of a heart valve?

• A. Abdominal pain
• B. Blood clots
• C. Edema (swelling) in organs
• D. Irregular heartbeat

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Stenosis, or narrowing of a heart valve, restricts blood flow through the valve, leading to changes in the heart's normal rhythm. This alteration can result in an irregular heartbeat, making it a common consequence of heart valve stenosis. Abdominal pain, blood clots, and organ swelling are not typically associated with stenosis of a heart valve.

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