Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following structures is responsible for filtering blood in the kidneys?

• A. Ureter
• B. Glomerulus
• C. Nephron
• D. Renal artery

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glomerulus. The glomerulus, located in the nephron of the kidney, is a network of tiny blood vessels responsible for filtering blood. It removes waste products and excess substances to form urine. The ureter carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder and is not involved in blood filtration. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney where blood is filtered and urine is produced. The renal artery supplies blood to the kidneys but is not directly involved in the filtration process.

2. If a patient had a heart attack and tissue in the left ventricle lost blood flow, what would you most expect to happen?

• A. Blood would not flow from the lungs.
• B. Blood would back up in the legs.
• C. Blood would not be pumped to the body.
• D. Blood would not be oxygenated.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Blood would not be pumped to the body.' When tissue in the left ventricle loses blood flow due to a heart attack, the ability of the left ventricle to pump oxygenated blood to the body is compromised. This can lead to serious consequences for the patient's overall health and organ function. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because a heart attack affecting the left ventricle does not directly impact blood flow from the lungs, cause blood to back up in the legs, or prevent blood from being oxygenated. The primary concern is the compromised ability of the left ventricle to pump blood to the rest of the body, affecting overall circulation and organ perfusion.

3. Which of the following is a pair of nerves that originates from the brain?

• A. Spinal nerves
• B. Olfactory nerves
• C. Sciatic nerve
• D. Optic nerve

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The olfactory nerves, choice B, are a pair of cranial nerves that originate from the brain. They are responsible for the sense of smell and are the only cranial nerves that directly connect to the cerebrum. Spinal nerves, choice A, originate from the spinal cord, the sciatic nerve, choice C, is a large nerve that originates in the lower back, and the optic nerve, choice D, originates from the retina of the eye. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not originate directly from the brain.

4. Which of the following is an example of a secondary alcohol?

• A. Methanol
• B. Ethanol
• C. Isopropanol
• D. Butanol

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Isopropanol is indeed an example of a secondary alcohol because the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group is bonded to two other carbon atoms. In isopropanol, the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to two other carbon atoms. Methanol (Choice A) is a primary alcohol with the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to one other carbon atom. Ethanol (Choice B) is also a primary alcohol with the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to one other carbon atom. Butanol (Choice D) is a primary alcohol with the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to three other carbon atoms, making it a primary alcohol.

5. Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood, sleep, and memory?

• A. Dopamine
• B. Serotonin
• C. Acetylcholine
• D. Glutamate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is associated with regulating mood, sleep, and memory. It plays a crucial role in maintaining emotional balance and is often a target in treating mood disorders like depression and anxiety. Serotonin also helps regulate sleep patterns and is connected to memory function. Dopamine (choice A) is more commonly linked to reward, motivation, and movement. Acetylcholine (choice C) is involved in muscle control and memory. Glutamate (choice D) is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain but is not primarily associated with mood, sleep, and memory.

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